GMS 6440 UPDATED EXAM TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔How can drugs cross from mother to fetus? - ✔✔Through placental transfer.
✔✔Why are drugs potentially dangerous during pregnancy? - ✔✔They may cause
teratogenic effects.
✔✔How can drugs taken by a mother affect breastfeeding infants? - ✔✔Drugs may be
transferred through breast milk.
✔✔What type of drug reaction occurs when the immune system responds to a drug as
an antigen? - ✔✔Allergic reaction.
✔✔What classes of drugs commonly cause allergic reactions? - ✔✔Antibiotics, opioids,
and NSAIDs.
✔✔How can diet influence drug metabolism? - ✔✔Certain foods induce or inhibit
metabolic enzymes.
✔✔What foods can induce cytochrome P450 enzymes? - ✔✔Charcoal-broiled foods
and cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli.
✔✔What foods can inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes? - ✔✔Grapefruit juice and some
tropical fruits.
✔✔How can smoking influence drug metabolism? - ✔✔Smoking induces cytochrome
P450 enzymes.
✔✔How does chronic alcohol consumption affect drug metabolism? - ✔✔It may
increase metabolic enzyme activity.
✔✔What environmental factor can increase sensitivity to certain drugs like
tetracyclines? - ✔✔Sunlight exposure.
✔✔What is pharmacogenetics? - ✔✔The study of genetic variations that affect
individual responses to drugs.
✔✔How can pharmacogenetic differences influence pharmacokinetics? - ✔✔By altering
drug metabolism or elimination.
✔✔How can pharmacogenetic differences influence pharmacodynamics? - ✔✔By
altering receptor function or drug targets.
, ✔✔What types of genetic variations can alter drug response? - ✔✔Single nucleotide
polymorphisms, insertions/deletions, and copy number variations.
✔✔What is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)? - ✔✔A variation in a single DNA
base that may alter protein function.
✔✔What are insertions or deletions in genetics? - ✔✔Addition or removal of DNA
segments that alter gene function.
✔✔What are copy number variations? - ✔✔Changes in the number of gene copies in
the genome.
✔✔What effect can copy number variations have on drug metabolism? - ✔✔Increased
or decreased enzyme expression.
✔✔What enzyme metabolizes isoniazid in tuberculosis treatment? - ✔✔N-
acetyltransferase (NAT).
✔✔What pharmacogenetic variation affects isoniazid metabolism? - ✔✔Slow versus
fast acetylator status.
✔✔What happens to isoniazid levels in slow acetylators? - ✔✔Higher plasma
concentrations and prolonged drug half-life.
✔✔What risk is associated with slow acetylators receiving isoniazid? - ✔✔Increased risk
of toxicity.
✔✔What happens in fast acetylators treated with isoniazid? - ✔✔Faster drug elimination
and possibly reduced therapeutic effectiveness.
✔✔How can acetylator status affect dosing schedules for isoniazid? - ✔✔Slow
acetylators may require lower doses to prevent toxicity.
✔✔What genetic deficiency increases susceptibility to hemolytic anemia from certain
drugs? - ✔✔Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency.
✔✔What drug commonly triggers hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD deficiency? -
✔✔Primaquine.
✔✔What is the function of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in red blood cells? -
✔✔Produces NADPH needed to maintain reduced glutathione.
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔How can drugs cross from mother to fetus? - ✔✔Through placental transfer.
✔✔Why are drugs potentially dangerous during pregnancy? - ✔✔They may cause
teratogenic effects.
✔✔How can drugs taken by a mother affect breastfeeding infants? - ✔✔Drugs may be
transferred through breast milk.
✔✔What type of drug reaction occurs when the immune system responds to a drug as
an antigen? - ✔✔Allergic reaction.
✔✔What classes of drugs commonly cause allergic reactions? - ✔✔Antibiotics, opioids,
and NSAIDs.
✔✔How can diet influence drug metabolism? - ✔✔Certain foods induce or inhibit
metabolic enzymes.
✔✔What foods can induce cytochrome P450 enzymes? - ✔✔Charcoal-broiled foods
and cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli.
✔✔What foods can inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes? - ✔✔Grapefruit juice and some
tropical fruits.
✔✔How can smoking influence drug metabolism? - ✔✔Smoking induces cytochrome
P450 enzymes.
✔✔How does chronic alcohol consumption affect drug metabolism? - ✔✔It may
increase metabolic enzyme activity.
✔✔What environmental factor can increase sensitivity to certain drugs like
tetracyclines? - ✔✔Sunlight exposure.
✔✔What is pharmacogenetics? - ✔✔The study of genetic variations that affect
individual responses to drugs.
✔✔How can pharmacogenetic differences influence pharmacokinetics? - ✔✔By altering
drug metabolism or elimination.
✔✔How can pharmacogenetic differences influence pharmacodynamics? - ✔✔By
altering receptor function or drug targets.
, ✔✔What types of genetic variations can alter drug response? - ✔✔Single nucleotide
polymorphisms, insertions/deletions, and copy number variations.
✔✔What is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)? - ✔✔A variation in a single DNA
base that may alter protein function.
✔✔What are insertions or deletions in genetics? - ✔✔Addition or removal of DNA
segments that alter gene function.
✔✔What are copy number variations? - ✔✔Changes in the number of gene copies in
the genome.
✔✔What effect can copy number variations have on drug metabolism? - ✔✔Increased
or decreased enzyme expression.
✔✔What enzyme metabolizes isoniazid in tuberculosis treatment? - ✔✔N-
acetyltransferase (NAT).
✔✔What pharmacogenetic variation affects isoniazid metabolism? - ✔✔Slow versus
fast acetylator status.
✔✔What happens to isoniazid levels in slow acetylators? - ✔✔Higher plasma
concentrations and prolonged drug half-life.
✔✔What risk is associated with slow acetylators receiving isoniazid? - ✔✔Increased risk
of toxicity.
✔✔What happens in fast acetylators treated with isoniazid? - ✔✔Faster drug elimination
and possibly reduced therapeutic effectiveness.
✔✔How can acetylator status affect dosing schedules for isoniazid? - ✔✔Slow
acetylators may require lower doses to prevent toxicity.
✔✔What genetic deficiency increases susceptibility to hemolytic anemia from certain
drugs? - ✔✔Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency.
✔✔What drug commonly triggers hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD deficiency? -
✔✔Primaquine.
✔✔What is the function of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in red blood cells? -
✔✔Produces NADPH needed to maintain reduced glutathione.
