GMS 6440 EVALUATION EXAMS ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔all water movement is ______. driven by ______ and ____ gradients across the
capillary between _______ and _______ - ✔✔all water movement is passive. driven by
hydrostatic and osmotic gradients across the capillary between interstitium and plasma
✔✔water moves from a ____ concentration to ____ solute concentration - ✔✔low
concentration to low concentration
✔✔when a solution is dilute, it moves to the _______ concentration. the cell then
______ and _____ till concentration of solutes are _______ - ✔✔when a solution is
dilute, it moves to the higher concentration. the cell then expands and dilutes till
concentration of solutes are equal
✔✔in a hypertonic solution the solute concentration ______ and the cells ______ -
✔✔in a hypertonic solution the solute concentration increases and the cells shrink
✔✔in a hypotonic solution the solute concentration ______ and the cells _______ -
✔✔in a hypotonic solution the solute concentration decreases (more dilute) and the
cells expand and burst (hemolysis)
✔✔NaCl is _________
Reflection coeffecient = _______
Generates a ________ osmotic effect
Net movement of H2O is _______ - ✔✔NaCl is "impermeable"
Reflection coeffecient = 1.0
Generates a sustained osmotic effect
Net movement of H2O is 0 - no net movement
✔✔what is a iso-osmotic solution - ✔✔no net H2O movement
✔✔Describe membrane permeability to glucose - ✔✔infused iso osmotic glucose
glucose taken up by the cells, water follows
glucose is incorporated into other molecues (glucose particles disappear)
equivalent to infusing pure water
✔✔describe urea permeability - ✔✔permeable; diffuses into the cell down a
concentration gradient slowly. takes water with it
no change in cell osmolality; cell swells
✔✔the ECF primary solute is ____. It is the major determinant of ________. Determines
the ECF _______. - ✔✔NaCl
Osmalality
,Volume
✔✔describe hypotonic expansion - ✔✔drinking water
ECF and ICF expand, fall is osmolality
increase in total body water
cell swells
✔✔describe isotonic expansion - ✔✔infusion of 0.9% NaCl
only ECF expansion and no change in osmolality
increase in total body water
edema
✔✔describe hypertonic expansion - ✔✔ingest NaCl without water
increase in ECF osmolality
H2O moves out of cells to restore osmotic equilibrium
decrease in ICFV
increase in ECFV
increase in osmolality
no change in total body water
cell shrinkage
✔✔add pure water what happens with ICFV and ECFV - ✔✔H2O into the gut -->
absorbed into the blood --> passes capillary wall into interstitum --> crosses into the cell
--> distributes throughout body fluid compartment till osm of ICF and ECF are equal
ICFV expands
ECFV expands
osmolality falls
✔✔add isotonic NaCl effect on ECFV and ICFV - ✔✔NaCl stays in the ECF
iso-osmotic (no movement of H2O across the cell)
increase ECFV
no change in osm because infused NaCl is iso-osmotic
✔✔Add pure NaCl (salty meal) effect on ECFV and ICVF - ✔✔eats salty food with no
water
take in excess NaCl
absorbed from gut into plasma
distributes throughout ECF
cannot enter cell
increase in ECF osm
oulls H2O out of cell
incresae ECFV and decrease ICFV
increase osm everywhere
, ✔✔describe hypertonic contraction - ✔✔heavy sweating
loss of excess water without equivalent loss of NaCl
ECF and ICF volume decreases
dehydration
increase in osm
✔✔describe isotonic contraction - ✔✔loss of salt and water in equivalent amounts
examples: diarrhea, vomiting
decrease ECF ONLY
cardiovascular collapse
✔✔describer hypotonic contraction - ✔✔loss of salt without an equivalent loss of water
adrenal insufficiency
fall in ECF
increase in ICF
cell swelling
kidneys cant retain enough sodium
ECF osm decreases, H2O leaves ECF into ICF, cell swells, decrease osm everywhere
✔✔Na ions are major cations in _____ so directional changes in Na concentration
indicate ____________ - ✔✔plasma, osmotic changes
✔✔changes in plasma volume (or ECF volume) causes changes in plasma ______ and
_______ - ✔✔protein; hematocrit
✔✔ICF volume response to changes in ECF osmotic _________ - ✔✔concentration
(NOT VOLUME)
✔✔Hypertonic expansion:
ECF volume:
Plasma [Na+]:
ICF Volume:
Hematocrit:
[Plasma Protein]: - ✔✔Hypertonic expansion:
ECF volume: increase
Plasma [Na+]:incr3ease
ICF Volume: decrease
Hematocrit: decrease
[Plasma Protein]: decrease
✔✔isotonic expansion:
ECF volume:
Plasma [Na+]:
ICF Volume:
Hematocrit:
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔all water movement is ______. driven by ______ and ____ gradients across the
capillary between _______ and _______ - ✔✔all water movement is passive. driven by
hydrostatic and osmotic gradients across the capillary between interstitium and plasma
✔✔water moves from a ____ concentration to ____ solute concentration - ✔✔low
concentration to low concentration
✔✔when a solution is dilute, it moves to the _______ concentration. the cell then
______ and _____ till concentration of solutes are _______ - ✔✔when a solution is
dilute, it moves to the higher concentration. the cell then expands and dilutes till
concentration of solutes are equal
✔✔in a hypertonic solution the solute concentration ______ and the cells ______ -
✔✔in a hypertonic solution the solute concentration increases and the cells shrink
✔✔in a hypotonic solution the solute concentration ______ and the cells _______ -
✔✔in a hypotonic solution the solute concentration decreases (more dilute) and the
cells expand and burst (hemolysis)
✔✔NaCl is _________
Reflection coeffecient = _______
Generates a ________ osmotic effect
Net movement of H2O is _______ - ✔✔NaCl is "impermeable"
Reflection coeffecient = 1.0
Generates a sustained osmotic effect
Net movement of H2O is 0 - no net movement
✔✔what is a iso-osmotic solution - ✔✔no net H2O movement
✔✔Describe membrane permeability to glucose - ✔✔infused iso osmotic glucose
glucose taken up by the cells, water follows
glucose is incorporated into other molecues (glucose particles disappear)
equivalent to infusing pure water
✔✔describe urea permeability - ✔✔permeable; diffuses into the cell down a
concentration gradient slowly. takes water with it
no change in cell osmolality; cell swells
✔✔the ECF primary solute is ____. It is the major determinant of ________. Determines
the ECF _______. - ✔✔NaCl
Osmalality
,Volume
✔✔describe hypotonic expansion - ✔✔drinking water
ECF and ICF expand, fall is osmolality
increase in total body water
cell swells
✔✔describe isotonic expansion - ✔✔infusion of 0.9% NaCl
only ECF expansion and no change in osmolality
increase in total body water
edema
✔✔describe hypertonic expansion - ✔✔ingest NaCl without water
increase in ECF osmolality
H2O moves out of cells to restore osmotic equilibrium
decrease in ICFV
increase in ECFV
increase in osmolality
no change in total body water
cell shrinkage
✔✔add pure water what happens with ICFV and ECFV - ✔✔H2O into the gut -->
absorbed into the blood --> passes capillary wall into interstitum --> crosses into the cell
--> distributes throughout body fluid compartment till osm of ICF and ECF are equal
ICFV expands
ECFV expands
osmolality falls
✔✔add isotonic NaCl effect on ECFV and ICFV - ✔✔NaCl stays in the ECF
iso-osmotic (no movement of H2O across the cell)
increase ECFV
no change in osm because infused NaCl is iso-osmotic
✔✔Add pure NaCl (salty meal) effect on ECFV and ICVF - ✔✔eats salty food with no
water
take in excess NaCl
absorbed from gut into plasma
distributes throughout ECF
cannot enter cell
increase in ECF osm
oulls H2O out of cell
incresae ECFV and decrease ICFV
increase osm everywhere
, ✔✔describe hypertonic contraction - ✔✔heavy sweating
loss of excess water without equivalent loss of NaCl
ECF and ICF volume decreases
dehydration
increase in osm
✔✔describe isotonic contraction - ✔✔loss of salt and water in equivalent amounts
examples: diarrhea, vomiting
decrease ECF ONLY
cardiovascular collapse
✔✔describer hypotonic contraction - ✔✔loss of salt without an equivalent loss of water
adrenal insufficiency
fall in ECF
increase in ICF
cell swelling
kidneys cant retain enough sodium
ECF osm decreases, H2O leaves ECF into ICF, cell swells, decrease osm everywhere
✔✔Na ions are major cations in _____ so directional changes in Na concentration
indicate ____________ - ✔✔plasma, osmotic changes
✔✔changes in plasma volume (or ECF volume) causes changes in plasma ______ and
_______ - ✔✔protein; hematocrit
✔✔ICF volume response to changes in ECF osmotic _________ - ✔✔concentration
(NOT VOLUME)
✔✔Hypertonic expansion:
ECF volume:
Plasma [Na+]:
ICF Volume:
Hematocrit:
[Plasma Protein]: - ✔✔Hypertonic expansion:
ECF volume: increase
Plasma [Na+]:incr3ease
ICF Volume: decrease
Hematocrit: decrease
[Plasma Protein]: decrease
✔✔isotonic expansion:
ECF volume:
Plasma [Na+]:
ICF Volume:
Hematocrit:
