GMS 6440 FUNDAMENTALS EXAMS SCRIPT QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔examples of smooth muscle - ✔✔esophagus and stomach
✔✔major organs of the digestive system - ✔✔teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
✔✔Functions of the digestive system - ✔✔processes and digests food, absorbs and
conserves water and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats,
stores energy reserves, generates heat that maintains body temperature
✔✔direction of digestive system - ✔✔mouth --> esophagus --> stomach --> small
intestine --> large intestine
✔✔shape of the esophagus at rest - ✔✔folded
✔✔components of the esophagus - ✔✔mucosa, connective tissues, mucous glands,
smooth muscle
✔✔what does the stomach's inner layer do - ✔✔secretion of gastric juice
✔✔what does gastric juice include - ✔✔mucous, digestive enzyme, HCl
✔✔purpose of the villi and microvilli - ✔✔increase surface area to efficiently digest and
reabsorb proteins carbs and fats
✔✔why is the intestine rich in blood vessels - ✔✔to generate juice and reabsorb
digested molecules into the blood
✔✔what kind of muscle is the large intestine - ✔✔smooth muscle
✔✔top 2 types of cancer - ✔✔lung is 1, colon is 2
✔✔what is gastric bypass surgery - ✔✔when the upper stomach is cut and reconnected
✔✔major organs of the cardiovascular system - ✔✔heart, blood, blood vessels
✔✔functions of the cardiovascular system - ✔✔distributes blood cells, water, and
dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
✔✔the heart and lungs are ______ connected and occupy the _________ and
protected by the ________ - ✔✔serially
,thoracic cavity
ribs
✔✔arteries contain (oxygen/deoxygenated) blood while veins contain
(oxygen/deoxygenated) blood - ✔✔arteries --> oxygenated blood
veins --> deoxygenated blood
✔✔order of blood flow with valves - ✔✔right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle -
-> pulmonary aorta --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> bicuspid valve -->
left ventricle
✔✔order of blood vessels - ✔✔left ventricle --> aorta --> artery --> arteriole --> capillary
where O2 is supplied and nutrients to the tissues --> venule --> vein --> vena cava -->
right atrium
✔✔causes of heart attack - ✔✔reduced coronary artery blood flow which causes angina
pectoris or myocardial infarction
✔✔how to diagnose a heart attack - ✔✔ECG
✔✔major organs of the respiratory system - ✔✔nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs, alveoli
✔✔functions of the respiratory system - ✔✔delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where
gas exchange occurs)
provides oxygen to blood stream
removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
produces sounds for communication
✔✔lobes of the lungs - ✔✔right lung: 3
left lung: 2
✔✔alveoli are surrounded by _______ and exchange ___ and ___ between ____ and
______ - ✔✔alveoli are surrounded by capillaries and exchange o2 and co2 between
alveoli and bronchioles
✔✔why cant we hold our breath long - ✔✔brains respiratory control center senses
blood's CO2 levels and moves diaphragm and rib muscles, overriding voluntary controle
✔✔major organs of the renal and kidney system - ✔✔kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder
✔✔functions of the renal and urinary systems - ✔✔excretes waste products from the
blood
controls water balance by regulating volume of urine production
,stores urine until voluntary elimination
regulation blood ion concentrations and pH
✔✔components of urine - ✔✔water, amino acids, hippuric acid, urea, others
✔✔major function of the kidney - ✔✔filter blood and excretion of waste
✔✔filtration rate of blood/day - ✔✔170L/day/70kg
✔✔urine production/day - ✔✔1.5L/day/70kg
✔✔what is the basic structure and functional unit of the kidneys - ✔✔nephron
✔✔where is urine collected - ✔✔calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
✔✔filtration of the urinary space flow - ✔✔bowman's capsule, proixmal tubules, loop of
henle, distal tubule, collecting duct
✔✔when someone has renal failure they have an (increase/decrease) in RBCs -
✔✔decrease
✔✔kidneys produce _______ which is required for red blood cell production -
✔✔erythropoietin
✔✔endocrine system major organs - ✔✔pituitary gland, thyroid glans, pancreas,
adrenal glands, gonads (testes and ovaries, endocrine tissues in other organ systems
✔✔functions of the endocrine system - ✔✔directs long term changes in the activities of
other organ systems
adjusts metabolic activities and energy use by the body
controls many structural and functional changes during development
✔✔circulating hormones bind to _______ - ✔✔circulating hormones bind to the
receptors on the targeted cells
✔✔hormone production and secretion is highly _______ - ✔✔organized
✔✔the hypothalamus secretes an ______ or _____ hormone and controls the
___________ - ✔✔the hypothalamus secretes an inducing or repressing hormone and
controls the production of another hormone in the pituitary gland
✔✔growth hormone: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: pituitary gland
target: liver, muscle, bone, cartilage
effect: stimulates growth
, ✔✔thyroid hormone: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: thyroid gland
target: body cells
effect: maintains metabolism, regulates blood pressure, promoted normal development
of the nervous system, muscles, and skeleton; regulates hydration of skin
✔✔cortisol: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: adrenal gland
target: body cells
effect: assists body in resisting stress; mobilizes fats for energy; depresses
inflammatory response
✔✔insulin: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: pancreas
target: body cells
effect: lowers blood sugar
✔✔gastrin: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: stomach
target: stomach
effect: secreted in response to food; stimulates production of hydrochloric acid to break
down food
✔✔erythropoietin: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: kidney
target: bone marrow
effect: stimulates production of blood cells
✔✔leptin: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: adipose tissue
target: brain
effect: suppresses appetite
✔✔insulin deficiency causes - ✔✔diabetes
✔✔insulin is produced by the ______ in the _____ - ✔✔insulin is produced in the beta
cells in the pancreas
✔✔major organs of the nervous system - ✔✔brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves,
sense organs
✔✔functions of the nervous system - ✔✔provides and interprets sensory information
about external conditions (input)
coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems (integrate)
directs immediate responses to stimuli (response)
✔✔hormones are like a ___________ signal; the nervous system is like a __________
signal. - ✔✔hormones - wireless phone signal
nervous system - land based telephone signal
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔examples of smooth muscle - ✔✔esophagus and stomach
✔✔major organs of the digestive system - ✔✔teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
✔✔Functions of the digestive system - ✔✔processes and digests food, absorbs and
conserves water and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats,
stores energy reserves, generates heat that maintains body temperature
✔✔direction of digestive system - ✔✔mouth --> esophagus --> stomach --> small
intestine --> large intestine
✔✔shape of the esophagus at rest - ✔✔folded
✔✔components of the esophagus - ✔✔mucosa, connective tissues, mucous glands,
smooth muscle
✔✔what does the stomach's inner layer do - ✔✔secretion of gastric juice
✔✔what does gastric juice include - ✔✔mucous, digestive enzyme, HCl
✔✔purpose of the villi and microvilli - ✔✔increase surface area to efficiently digest and
reabsorb proteins carbs and fats
✔✔why is the intestine rich in blood vessels - ✔✔to generate juice and reabsorb
digested molecules into the blood
✔✔what kind of muscle is the large intestine - ✔✔smooth muscle
✔✔top 2 types of cancer - ✔✔lung is 1, colon is 2
✔✔what is gastric bypass surgery - ✔✔when the upper stomach is cut and reconnected
✔✔major organs of the cardiovascular system - ✔✔heart, blood, blood vessels
✔✔functions of the cardiovascular system - ✔✔distributes blood cells, water, and
dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
✔✔the heart and lungs are ______ connected and occupy the _________ and
protected by the ________ - ✔✔serially
,thoracic cavity
ribs
✔✔arteries contain (oxygen/deoxygenated) blood while veins contain
(oxygen/deoxygenated) blood - ✔✔arteries --> oxygenated blood
veins --> deoxygenated blood
✔✔order of blood flow with valves - ✔✔right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle -
-> pulmonary aorta --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> bicuspid valve -->
left ventricle
✔✔order of blood vessels - ✔✔left ventricle --> aorta --> artery --> arteriole --> capillary
where O2 is supplied and nutrients to the tissues --> venule --> vein --> vena cava -->
right atrium
✔✔causes of heart attack - ✔✔reduced coronary artery blood flow which causes angina
pectoris or myocardial infarction
✔✔how to diagnose a heart attack - ✔✔ECG
✔✔major organs of the respiratory system - ✔✔nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs, alveoli
✔✔functions of the respiratory system - ✔✔delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where
gas exchange occurs)
provides oxygen to blood stream
removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
produces sounds for communication
✔✔lobes of the lungs - ✔✔right lung: 3
left lung: 2
✔✔alveoli are surrounded by _______ and exchange ___ and ___ between ____ and
______ - ✔✔alveoli are surrounded by capillaries and exchange o2 and co2 between
alveoli and bronchioles
✔✔why cant we hold our breath long - ✔✔brains respiratory control center senses
blood's CO2 levels and moves diaphragm and rib muscles, overriding voluntary controle
✔✔major organs of the renal and kidney system - ✔✔kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder
✔✔functions of the renal and urinary systems - ✔✔excretes waste products from the
blood
controls water balance by regulating volume of urine production
,stores urine until voluntary elimination
regulation blood ion concentrations and pH
✔✔components of urine - ✔✔water, amino acids, hippuric acid, urea, others
✔✔major function of the kidney - ✔✔filter blood and excretion of waste
✔✔filtration rate of blood/day - ✔✔170L/day/70kg
✔✔urine production/day - ✔✔1.5L/day/70kg
✔✔what is the basic structure and functional unit of the kidneys - ✔✔nephron
✔✔where is urine collected - ✔✔calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
✔✔filtration of the urinary space flow - ✔✔bowman's capsule, proixmal tubules, loop of
henle, distal tubule, collecting duct
✔✔when someone has renal failure they have an (increase/decrease) in RBCs -
✔✔decrease
✔✔kidneys produce _______ which is required for red blood cell production -
✔✔erythropoietin
✔✔endocrine system major organs - ✔✔pituitary gland, thyroid glans, pancreas,
adrenal glands, gonads (testes and ovaries, endocrine tissues in other organ systems
✔✔functions of the endocrine system - ✔✔directs long term changes in the activities of
other organ systems
adjusts metabolic activities and energy use by the body
controls many structural and functional changes during development
✔✔circulating hormones bind to _______ - ✔✔circulating hormones bind to the
receptors on the targeted cells
✔✔hormone production and secretion is highly _______ - ✔✔organized
✔✔the hypothalamus secretes an ______ or _____ hormone and controls the
___________ - ✔✔the hypothalamus secretes an inducing or repressing hormone and
controls the production of another hormone in the pituitary gland
✔✔growth hormone: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: pituitary gland
target: liver, muscle, bone, cartilage
effect: stimulates growth
, ✔✔thyroid hormone: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: thyroid gland
target: body cells
effect: maintains metabolism, regulates blood pressure, promoted normal development
of the nervous system, muscles, and skeleton; regulates hydration of skin
✔✔cortisol: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: adrenal gland
target: body cells
effect: assists body in resisting stress; mobilizes fats for energy; depresses
inflammatory response
✔✔insulin: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: pancreas
target: body cells
effect: lowers blood sugar
✔✔gastrin: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: stomach
target: stomach
effect: secreted in response to food; stimulates production of hydrochloric acid to break
down food
✔✔erythropoietin: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: kidney
target: bone marrow
effect: stimulates production of blood cells
✔✔leptin: organ, target, effect - ✔✔organ: adipose tissue
target: brain
effect: suppresses appetite
✔✔insulin deficiency causes - ✔✔diabetes
✔✔insulin is produced by the ______ in the _____ - ✔✔insulin is produced in the beta
cells in the pancreas
✔✔major organs of the nervous system - ✔✔brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves,
sense organs
✔✔functions of the nervous system - ✔✔provides and interprets sensory information
about external conditions (input)
coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems (integrate)
directs immediate responses to stimuli (response)
✔✔hormones are like a ___________ signal; the nervous system is like a __________
signal. - ✔✔hormones - wireless phone signal
nervous system - land based telephone signal
