FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING 2026 TEST
PAPER SOLVED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
◉ endogenous HAI. Answer: when patient's normal flora becomes
altered (C.diff)
◉ body's response to stress. Answer: Basal metabolic rate increases
as the body uses energy stores. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
increases serum glucose levels and decreases anti-inflammatory
responses. If this lasts a while, it can cause decreased resistance to
infection.
◉ inflammation. Answer: protective vascular and cellular reaction to
eliminate pathogens and necrotic tissues.
◉ serous exudate. Answer: Watery exudate: indicates early
inflammation
◉ sanguinous exudate. Answer: bloody
,◉ purulent exudate. Answer: Pus: indicates a bacterial infection
(made up of bacteria, neutrophils, monocytes, and WBCs)
◉ Signs of inflammation. Answer: redness, heat, swelling, pain,
tenderness, loss of function, increased WBCs
◉ localized infection. Answer: infection limited to a specific part of
the body; has local symptoms
◉ systemic infection. Answer: infection spreads to several sites and
tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream
◉ how can you ensure quality and safety in client care. Answer:
Apply standard precautions, use clean gloves, use proper PPE, keep
bedside tables clean, clean all equipment, ensure patient is covers
nose and mouth when coughing and/or sneezing
◉ mode of transmission: airborne. Answer: carried in droplet nuclei,
need to wear N95, special equipped room with negative air flow
◉ mode of transmission: droplet. Answer: sneeze or cough creates
droplets carrying germs short distances, wear a surgical mask
within 3 feet, proper hand hygiene, some dedicated-care equipment
, ◉ mode of transmission: direct contact. Answer: requires gowns and
gloves; ex. Staphylococcus aureus, rhinovirus
◉ mode of transmission: indirect contact. Answer: involves contact
with contaminated inanimate objects (needles, utensils, hospital
equipment, etc)
◉ mode of transmission: vehicle. Answer: contaminated items such
as water, drugs, solutions, blood, food
◉ mode of transmission: vector. Answer: transmission from
parasites such as mosquitos, louse, flea, tick
◉ importance of safety in client based care. Answer: -patient
centered care: center the patient's care on their beliefs, values, etc.
-teamwork/collaboration: shared decision making for quality care
-evidence based practice: include current evidence with clinical
skills
-quality improvement: use data to monitor patient outcome and use
methods to test changes
-safety: minimize risk of harm by following safety precautions
PAPER SOLVED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
◉ endogenous HAI. Answer: when patient's normal flora becomes
altered (C.diff)
◉ body's response to stress. Answer: Basal metabolic rate increases
as the body uses energy stores. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
increases serum glucose levels and decreases anti-inflammatory
responses. If this lasts a while, it can cause decreased resistance to
infection.
◉ inflammation. Answer: protective vascular and cellular reaction to
eliminate pathogens and necrotic tissues.
◉ serous exudate. Answer: Watery exudate: indicates early
inflammation
◉ sanguinous exudate. Answer: bloody
,◉ purulent exudate. Answer: Pus: indicates a bacterial infection
(made up of bacteria, neutrophils, monocytes, and WBCs)
◉ Signs of inflammation. Answer: redness, heat, swelling, pain,
tenderness, loss of function, increased WBCs
◉ localized infection. Answer: infection limited to a specific part of
the body; has local symptoms
◉ systemic infection. Answer: infection spreads to several sites and
tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream
◉ how can you ensure quality and safety in client care. Answer:
Apply standard precautions, use clean gloves, use proper PPE, keep
bedside tables clean, clean all equipment, ensure patient is covers
nose and mouth when coughing and/or sneezing
◉ mode of transmission: airborne. Answer: carried in droplet nuclei,
need to wear N95, special equipped room with negative air flow
◉ mode of transmission: droplet. Answer: sneeze or cough creates
droplets carrying germs short distances, wear a surgical mask
within 3 feet, proper hand hygiene, some dedicated-care equipment
, ◉ mode of transmission: direct contact. Answer: requires gowns and
gloves; ex. Staphylococcus aureus, rhinovirus
◉ mode of transmission: indirect contact. Answer: involves contact
with contaminated inanimate objects (needles, utensils, hospital
equipment, etc)
◉ mode of transmission: vehicle. Answer: contaminated items such
as water, drugs, solutions, blood, food
◉ mode of transmission: vector. Answer: transmission from
parasites such as mosquitos, louse, flea, tick
◉ importance of safety in client based care. Answer: -patient
centered care: center the patient's care on their beliefs, values, etc.
-teamwork/collaboration: shared decision making for quality care
-evidence based practice: include current evidence with clinical
skills
-quality improvement: use data to monitor patient outcome and use
methods to test changes
-safety: minimize risk of harm by following safety precautions
