FRQ AP BIO UNIT 4 PROGRESS CHECK Updated Exam 2026
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(a) Describe the first interaction that triggers signaling to begin in a target cell. -
ANSWERS-(a) The binding of the growth hormone on the growth factor receptor causes
the activation of the phosphorylation cascade of the proteins. There is phosphorylation
of the JAK2 protein that causes the activation and phosphorylation of the STAT5 protein
that is essential for binding to the glucocorticoid response elements in the promoter
region of the gene. There is dimerization of the STAT receptor and it causes the binding
of these factors to response elements in the nucleus.
If insulin is added to the hepatocyte culture, then there is binding of the insulin on the
insulin receptors cells causing the activation of the different cell signaling mechanisms.
This further causes the phosphorylation of the tyrosine receptor and activation of the
IRS protein phosphorylation signaling mechanism. This causes the activation of two
signaling mechanisms one involving the PI3 kinase proteins and Akt signaling and the
other involving the activation of the MAPK and the Erk proteins inside the cell.
In exp A it was observed that after the addition of the growth factor there is activation
and an increase in the levels of the STAT5 protein after phosphorylation mechanism in
the cell. In the ExpB there is an increase in the levels of the phosphorylation kinaseB
protein after activation of the cell signaling cascade by the addition of the insulin
hormone inside the mammalian cell.
(b) Identify a dependent variable in the experimental design. Identify a negative control
for the effects of hormone addition. Identify a likely reason why the researchers
continued their experiment for 240 minutes. - ANSWERS-b) The dependent variable in
the experiment is the addition of the hormone growth receptor or insulin in the culture of
the hepatocytes. The half life of the experiment is determined by the activation of the
cell signaling cascade and by the concentration levels of these proteins inside the cell
before undergoing the mechanism of degradation. The negative control in the growth
hormone added hepatocyte cell will be the analysis of the levels of the phosphorylated
kinase protein B and the negative control for the addition of insulin in the hepatocyte cell
will be the analysis of the concentration of the STAT5 protein inside the cell. The
experiment was performed till 240 min to analyze and interpret the signaling cascade
activation mechanism inside the cell.
WITH Recent Newest Verified And Well Analyzed Exam
Questions (Actual Exam 2026-2027) Correct Detailed &
Verified ANSWERS (100% Accurate Solutions) ALREADY
GRADED A+||NEWEST VERSION Of The Exam Guarantee
Pass!!
(a) Describe the first interaction that triggers signaling to begin in a target cell. -
ANSWERS-(a) The binding of the growth hormone on the growth factor receptor causes
the activation of the phosphorylation cascade of the proteins. There is phosphorylation
of the JAK2 protein that causes the activation and phosphorylation of the STAT5 protein
that is essential for binding to the glucocorticoid response elements in the promoter
region of the gene. There is dimerization of the STAT receptor and it causes the binding
of these factors to response elements in the nucleus.
If insulin is added to the hepatocyte culture, then there is binding of the insulin on the
insulin receptors cells causing the activation of the different cell signaling mechanisms.
This further causes the phosphorylation of the tyrosine receptor and activation of the
IRS protein phosphorylation signaling mechanism. This causes the activation of two
signaling mechanisms one involving the PI3 kinase proteins and Akt signaling and the
other involving the activation of the MAPK and the Erk proteins inside the cell.
In exp A it was observed that after the addition of the growth factor there is activation
and an increase in the levels of the STAT5 protein after phosphorylation mechanism in
the cell. In the ExpB there is an increase in the levels of the phosphorylation kinaseB
protein after activation of the cell signaling cascade by the addition of the insulin
hormone inside the mammalian cell.
(b) Identify a dependent variable in the experimental design. Identify a negative control
for the effects of hormone addition. Identify a likely reason why the researchers
continued their experiment for 240 minutes. - ANSWERS-b) The dependent variable in
the experiment is the addition of the hormone growth receptor or insulin in the culture of
the hepatocytes. The half life of the experiment is determined by the activation of the
cell signaling cascade and by the concentration levels of these proteins inside the cell
before undergoing the mechanism of degradation. The negative control in the growth
hormone added hepatocyte cell will be the analysis of the levels of the phosphorylated
kinase protein B and the negative control for the addition of insulin in the hepatocyte cell
will be the analysis of the concentration of the STAT5 protein inside the cell. The
experiment was performed till 240 min to analyze and interpret the signaling cascade
activation mechanism inside the cell.
