Nursing Fundamentals
PMOC • 2 MAXE
NURS School of Nursing — Exam 2 Review
I N F E C T I O N CO N T R O L · P R E S S U R E I N J U R I E S · E L I M I N AT I O N · N U R S I N G P R O C E S S
EXAM 2
Fundamentals Exam 2 — Comprehensive Review
I N F E C T I O N CO N T R O L , P R E SS U R E I N J U R I E S , M O B I L I TY, E L I M I N AT I O N & N U R S I N G P R O C E SS
INSTITUTION School of Nursing COURSE CODE NURS-FUND-EXAM2
PROGRAM Nursing — ADN / BSN Pathway ACADEMIC YEAR
EXAM TITLE Fundamentals Exam 2 TOTAL QUESTIONS 60+ Comprehensive Questions
COURSE TITLE Nursing Fundamentals FORMAT Multiple Choice / Definition / Select All
That Apply
EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS
▸ Select the single best answer for each question unless otherwise indicated.
▸ Questions cover standard/transmission-based precautions, pressure injury staging and prevention, mobility/immobility
complications, urinary and bowel elimination, the nursing process (ADPIE), nursing diagnoses, outcome identification, and
implementation.
▸ Verified answers with detailed rationales are provided for comprehensive exam preparation.
▸ Pay close attention to the differences between airborne/droplet/contact precautions, pressure injury staging, and the types of
nursing diagnoses.
INFECTION CONTROL, PRESSURE INJURIES, ELIMINATION & NURSING Questions 1 –
PROCESS 60+
1. What are Standard Precautions (Tier 1) and what do they apply to?
A. Only used for patients with known infections.
B. Used in the care of ALL hospitalized patients regardless of diagnosis; apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions,
excretions (except sweat), non-intact skin, and mucous membranes.
C. Only hand hygiene is required.
D. Only used in the operating room.
CORRECT ANSWER B — Universal application to ALL patients; blood, body fluids, secretions/excretions (except sweat),
non-intact skin, mucous membranes
RATIONALE Standard Precautions are the foundation of infection prevention — applied to EVERY patient regardless of
known infection status. They apply to: blood, all body fluids (urine, feces, saliva, sputum, vomitus, wound
drainage, amniotic fluid, CSF), secretions, excretions (EXCEPT sweat), non-intact skin (wounds, rashes,
dermatitis), and mucous membranes. The eight Tier 1 components: (1) Hand hygiene before/after every
patient contact; (2) PPE when risk of body fluid exposure; (3) Safe sharps use and disposal; (4) Routine
environmental cleaning; (5) Clean/reprocess shared patient equipment; (6) Respiratory hygiene/cough
etiquette; (7) Aseptic technique for invasive procedures; (8) Safe waste/linen handling and disposal. These
precautions protect both patients and healthcare workers.
, 2. What is the difference between medical asepsis and surgical asepsis?
A. There is no difference.
B. Medical asepsis (clean technique) REDUCES pathogens (hand hygiene, gloves). Surgical asepsis (sterile technique)
ELIMINATES all microorganisms (used for Foley insertion, IVs, procedures).
C. Medical asepsis is more rigorous than surgical asepsis.
D. Surgical asepsis only requires clean gloves.
CORRECT ANSWER B — Medical asepsis: clean technique, reduces pathogens. Surgical asepsis: sterile technique,
eliminates ALL microorganisms
RATIONALE Two levels of aseptic technique: Medical asepsis (clean technique) — practices that reduce the number and
transfer of pathogens; includes hand hygiene, wearing clean gloves, environmental cleaning. Surgical asepsis
(sterile technique) — practices that eliminate ALL microorganisms, including spores, from an area; used for
any invasive procedure that breaches the skin or mucous membranes (Foley catheter insertion, IV insertion,
wound care, surgical procedures). Sterile field principles: only sterile objects touch sterile objects; sterile
objects held above waist; 1-inch border around field is considered contaminated; field becomes
contaminated if wet (strike-through) or if you turn your back on it; never reach across a sterile field; sterile
gloves required. Wet = contaminated (moisture wicks bacteria from non-sterile surfaces). Any break in sterile
technique requires starting over with new supplies.
3. What are the four stages of infection in correct order?
A. Acute, Subacute, Chronic, Resolution.
B. Incubation (organisms grow/multiply), Prodromal (vague symptoms, MOST infectious), Full Stage of Illness (specific
S/S), Convalescent (recovery).
C. Exposure, Infection, Treatment, Recovery.
D. Colonization, Invasion, Damage, Repair.
CORRECT ANSWER B — Incubation → Prodromal (most infectious) → Full Stage of Illness → Convalescent (recovery)
RATIONALE Infection progression follows four stages: Incubation period — time between pathogen entry and first
symptom appearance; organisms are multiplying; duration varies by pathogen (hours to years); patient may
be contagious without knowing. Prodromal stage — first vague, nonspecific symptoms appear (malaise, low-
grade fever, fatigue); THIS IS THE MOST INFECTIOUS STAGE because symptoms are not yet specific enough for
diagnosis and isolation; pathogens are being actively shed. Full stage of illness — pathogen-specific signs and
symptoms manifest (e.g., productive cough with pneumonia, rash with measles); immune system is actively
fighting. Convalescent stage — symptoms resolve; tissue repair occurs; patient returns to health (may be
prolonged depending on infection severity and patient's baseline health). Understanding stages helps nurses
anticipate infection control needs and clinical course.
PMOC • 2 MAXE
NURS School of Nursing — Exam 2 Review
I N F E C T I O N CO N T R O L · P R E S S U R E I N J U R I E S · E L I M I N AT I O N · N U R S I N G P R O C E S S
EXAM 2
Fundamentals Exam 2 — Comprehensive Review
I N F E C T I O N CO N T R O L , P R E SS U R E I N J U R I E S , M O B I L I TY, E L I M I N AT I O N & N U R S I N G P R O C E SS
INSTITUTION School of Nursing COURSE CODE NURS-FUND-EXAM2
PROGRAM Nursing — ADN / BSN Pathway ACADEMIC YEAR
EXAM TITLE Fundamentals Exam 2 TOTAL QUESTIONS 60+ Comprehensive Questions
COURSE TITLE Nursing Fundamentals FORMAT Multiple Choice / Definition / Select All
That Apply
EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS
▸ Select the single best answer for each question unless otherwise indicated.
▸ Questions cover standard/transmission-based precautions, pressure injury staging and prevention, mobility/immobility
complications, urinary and bowel elimination, the nursing process (ADPIE), nursing diagnoses, outcome identification, and
implementation.
▸ Verified answers with detailed rationales are provided for comprehensive exam preparation.
▸ Pay close attention to the differences between airborne/droplet/contact precautions, pressure injury staging, and the types of
nursing diagnoses.
INFECTION CONTROL, PRESSURE INJURIES, ELIMINATION & NURSING Questions 1 –
PROCESS 60+
1. What are Standard Precautions (Tier 1) and what do they apply to?
A. Only used for patients with known infections.
B. Used in the care of ALL hospitalized patients regardless of diagnosis; apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions,
excretions (except sweat), non-intact skin, and mucous membranes.
C. Only hand hygiene is required.
D. Only used in the operating room.
CORRECT ANSWER B — Universal application to ALL patients; blood, body fluids, secretions/excretions (except sweat),
non-intact skin, mucous membranes
RATIONALE Standard Precautions are the foundation of infection prevention — applied to EVERY patient regardless of
known infection status. They apply to: blood, all body fluids (urine, feces, saliva, sputum, vomitus, wound
drainage, amniotic fluid, CSF), secretions, excretions (EXCEPT sweat), non-intact skin (wounds, rashes,
dermatitis), and mucous membranes. The eight Tier 1 components: (1) Hand hygiene before/after every
patient contact; (2) PPE when risk of body fluid exposure; (3) Safe sharps use and disposal; (4) Routine
environmental cleaning; (5) Clean/reprocess shared patient equipment; (6) Respiratory hygiene/cough
etiquette; (7) Aseptic technique for invasive procedures; (8) Safe waste/linen handling and disposal. These
precautions protect both patients and healthcare workers.
, 2. What is the difference between medical asepsis and surgical asepsis?
A. There is no difference.
B. Medical asepsis (clean technique) REDUCES pathogens (hand hygiene, gloves). Surgical asepsis (sterile technique)
ELIMINATES all microorganisms (used for Foley insertion, IVs, procedures).
C. Medical asepsis is more rigorous than surgical asepsis.
D. Surgical asepsis only requires clean gloves.
CORRECT ANSWER B — Medical asepsis: clean technique, reduces pathogens. Surgical asepsis: sterile technique,
eliminates ALL microorganisms
RATIONALE Two levels of aseptic technique: Medical asepsis (clean technique) — practices that reduce the number and
transfer of pathogens; includes hand hygiene, wearing clean gloves, environmental cleaning. Surgical asepsis
(sterile technique) — practices that eliminate ALL microorganisms, including spores, from an area; used for
any invasive procedure that breaches the skin or mucous membranes (Foley catheter insertion, IV insertion,
wound care, surgical procedures). Sterile field principles: only sterile objects touch sterile objects; sterile
objects held above waist; 1-inch border around field is considered contaminated; field becomes
contaminated if wet (strike-through) or if you turn your back on it; never reach across a sterile field; sterile
gloves required. Wet = contaminated (moisture wicks bacteria from non-sterile surfaces). Any break in sterile
technique requires starting over with new supplies.
3. What are the four stages of infection in correct order?
A. Acute, Subacute, Chronic, Resolution.
B. Incubation (organisms grow/multiply), Prodromal (vague symptoms, MOST infectious), Full Stage of Illness (specific
S/S), Convalescent (recovery).
C. Exposure, Infection, Treatment, Recovery.
D. Colonization, Invasion, Damage, Repair.
CORRECT ANSWER B — Incubation → Prodromal (most infectious) → Full Stage of Illness → Convalescent (recovery)
RATIONALE Infection progression follows four stages: Incubation period — time between pathogen entry and first
symptom appearance; organisms are multiplying; duration varies by pathogen (hours to years); patient may
be contagious without knowing. Prodromal stage — first vague, nonspecific symptoms appear (malaise, low-
grade fever, fatigue); THIS IS THE MOST INFECTIOUS STAGE because symptoms are not yet specific enough for
diagnosis and isolation; pathogens are being actively shed. Full stage of illness — pathogen-specific signs and
symptoms manifest (e.g., productive cough with pneumonia, rash with measles); immune system is actively
fighting. Convalescent stage — symptoms resolve; tissue repair occurs; patient returns to health (may be
prolonged depending on infection severity and patient's baseline health). Understanding stages helps nurses
anticipate infection control needs and clinical course.
