1 M A X E • S L AT N E M A D N U F
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Nursing Fundamentals Assessment
N Comprehensive Examination — Exam 1
EST. 2026
E XC E L L E N C E I N N U RS I N G E D U C AT I O N
Nursing Fundamentals — Exam 1
S P H E R E S O F N U R S I N G , I N F E C T I O N CO N T R O L , M O B I L I T Y, S A F E T Y & D O S A G E C A LC U L AT I O N S
INSTITUTION Nursing Fundamentals Assessment COURSE CODE Nursing Fundamentals — Exam 1
PROGRAM Practical Nursing (PN) / Associate Degree ACADEMIC YEAR
in Nursing (ADN)
EXAM TITLE Nursing Fundamentals Exam 1 TOTAL QUESTIONS 50 Questions
COURSE TITLE Fundamentals of Nursing FORMAT Multiple Choice — Select the Single Best
Answer
EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS
▸ Select the single best answer for each question unless otherwise instructed.
▸ Select all that apply questions are indicated — choose every correct option.
▸ Questions cover spheres of nursing, infection control, mobility, safety, hygiene, and dosage calculations.
▸ Correct answers and clinical rationales appear below each question for review purposes.
▸ All content reflects current evidence-based nursing practice and ANA standards.
SECTION I — FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING COMPREHENSIVE Questions 1 –
EXAMINATION 50
1. Which of the following is one of the four spheres of nursing care?
A. Financial management.
B. Chronic disease management.
C. Hospital administration.
D. Pharmaceutical research.
CORRECT ANSWER B — Chronic disease management.
RATIONALE The four spheres of nursing care are: (1) Wellness/Disease Prevention, (2) Chronic Disease Management, (3)
Restorative/Regenerative Care, and (4) Hospice/Palliative Care. Chronic disease management encompasses
the ongoing care and education of patients with long-term conditions such as diabetes, heart failure, and
COPD. Financial management, hospital administration, and pharmaceutical research are not spheres of
nursing care delivery.
,2. What are the four broad aims of nursing practice?
A. Assess, Diagnose, Plan, Evaluate.
B. Promote health, Prevent illness, Restore health, Facilitate coping.
C. Document, Delegate, Administer, Monitor.
D. Educate, Research, Lead, Advocate.
CORRECT ANSWER B — Promote health, Prevent illness, Restore health, Facilitate coping.
RATIONALE The four broad aims of nursing practice guide all nursing actions: (1) Promote health — wellness education,
healthy lifestyle teaching. (2) Prevent illness — immunizations, prenatal care, smoking cessation. (3) Restore
health — direct care, rehabilitation after illness or surgery. (4) Facilitate coping with disability or death —
maximizing strengths, hospice care. ADPIE describes the nursing process, not the aims. The other options list
nursing roles or tasks, not the foundational aims.
3. Which of the following characterizes nursing as a professional discipline? (Select all that apply.)
A. Well-defined body of specific and unique knowledge.
B. Strong service orientation.
C. Code of ethics.
D. Recognized professional authority.
E. Autonomy and self-regulation.
CORRECT ANSWER A, B, C, D, E — All of the above.
RATIONALE Nursing as a professional discipline is characterized by: a well-defined body of unique and specific
knowledge, strong service orientation, a code of ethics, recognized professional authority, standards set by
organizations, ongoing research, and autonomy/self-regulation. These criteria distinguish professions from
occupations. Nursing meets all criteria through evidence-based practice, the ANA Code of Ethics, state Nurse
Practice Acts, and the nursing process as a clinical judgment model.
4. What specifies a nurse's scope of practice? (Select all that apply.)
A. Standards of nursing practice.
B. Nurse practice acts and licensure.
C. Codes of ethics and professional values.
D. Nursing process and clinical judgment models.
E. Hospital cafeteria menu.
CORRECT ANSWER A, B, C, D — Standards of nursing practice; Nurse practice acts and licensure; Codes of ethics and
professional values; Nursing process and clinical judgment models.
RATIONALE A nurse's scope of practice is defined by multiple authoritative sources: (A) Standards of nursing practice (ANA
— what nurses should do), (B) Nurse Practice Acts (state laws — what nurses legally can do) and licensure
requirements, (C) Codes of ethics and professional values (moral obligations), and (D) The nursing process
and clinical judgment models (how nurses think and make decisions). The hospital cafeteria menu does not
define scope of practice.
, 5. What are the four nursing metaparadigm concepts?
A. Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Evaluation.
B. Person, Environment, Health, Nursing.
C. Wellness, Illness, Recovery, Death.
D. Physical, Emotional, Social, Spiritual.
CORRECT ANSWER B — Person, Environment, Health, Nursing.
RATIONALE The four metaparadigm concepts that form the philosophical foundation of all nursing theories are: Person
(the recipient of care — individual, family, community), Environment (the internal and external surroundings
affecting the person), Health (the person's state of well-being along the wellness-illness continuum), and
Nursing (the actions, roles, and interventions of the nurse). These four concepts appear in every major
nursing theory.
6. Which QSEN competency involves recognizing the patient as the source of control and full partner in providing
compassionate care?
A. Teamwork and Collaboration.
B. Safety.
C. Patient-Centered Care.
D. Evidence-Based Practice.
CORRECT ANSWER C — Patient-Centered Care.
RATIONALE Patient-Centered Care is the QSEN competency that recognizes the patient or designee as the source of
control and full partner in providing compassionate and coordinated care based on respect for patient
preferences, values, and needs. Teamwork involves interprofessional collaboration. Safety minimizes risk of
harm. Evidence-Based Practice integrates best evidence with clinical expertise and patient preferences.
7. Which nursing theorist is the modern founder of nursing and recognized that environment contributed to patient
outcomes?
A. Clara Barton.
B. Dorothea Orem.
C. Florence Nightingale.
D. Virginia Henderson.
CORRECT ANSWER C — Florence Nightingale.
RATIONALE Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) is the founder of modern nursing. During the Crimean War, she
demonstrated that manipulating the environment — clean water, sanitized surfaces, ventilation, hand
hygiene — dramatically reduced mortality. This environmental theory remains foundational. Clara Barton
founded the American Red Cross. Dorothea Orem advocated for self-care. Virginia Henderson emphasized
addressing both mental and physiological patient needs (Nursing Need Theory).
★ ★
Nursing Fundamentals Assessment
N Comprehensive Examination — Exam 1
EST. 2026
E XC E L L E N C E I N N U RS I N G E D U C AT I O N
Nursing Fundamentals — Exam 1
S P H E R E S O F N U R S I N G , I N F E C T I O N CO N T R O L , M O B I L I T Y, S A F E T Y & D O S A G E C A LC U L AT I O N S
INSTITUTION Nursing Fundamentals Assessment COURSE CODE Nursing Fundamentals — Exam 1
PROGRAM Practical Nursing (PN) / Associate Degree ACADEMIC YEAR
in Nursing (ADN)
EXAM TITLE Nursing Fundamentals Exam 1 TOTAL QUESTIONS 50 Questions
COURSE TITLE Fundamentals of Nursing FORMAT Multiple Choice — Select the Single Best
Answer
EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS
▸ Select the single best answer for each question unless otherwise instructed.
▸ Select all that apply questions are indicated — choose every correct option.
▸ Questions cover spheres of nursing, infection control, mobility, safety, hygiene, and dosage calculations.
▸ Correct answers and clinical rationales appear below each question for review purposes.
▸ All content reflects current evidence-based nursing practice and ANA standards.
SECTION I — FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING COMPREHENSIVE Questions 1 –
EXAMINATION 50
1. Which of the following is one of the four spheres of nursing care?
A. Financial management.
B. Chronic disease management.
C. Hospital administration.
D. Pharmaceutical research.
CORRECT ANSWER B — Chronic disease management.
RATIONALE The four spheres of nursing care are: (1) Wellness/Disease Prevention, (2) Chronic Disease Management, (3)
Restorative/Regenerative Care, and (4) Hospice/Palliative Care. Chronic disease management encompasses
the ongoing care and education of patients with long-term conditions such as diabetes, heart failure, and
COPD. Financial management, hospital administration, and pharmaceutical research are not spheres of
nursing care delivery.
,2. What are the four broad aims of nursing practice?
A. Assess, Diagnose, Plan, Evaluate.
B. Promote health, Prevent illness, Restore health, Facilitate coping.
C. Document, Delegate, Administer, Monitor.
D. Educate, Research, Lead, Advocate.
CORRECT ANSWER B — Promote health, Prevent illness, Restore health, Facilitate coping.
RATIONALE The four broad aims of nursing practice guide all nursing actions: (1) Promote health — wellness education,
healthy lifestyle teaching. (2) Prevent illness — immunizations, prenatal care, smoking cessation. (3) Restore
health — direct care, rehabilitation after illness or surgery. (4) Facilitate coping with disability or death —
maximizing strengths, hospice care. ADPIE describes the nursing process, not the aims. The other options list
nursing roles or tasks, not the foundational aims.
3. Which of the following characterizes nursing as a professional discipline? (Select all that apply.)
A. Well-defined body of specific and unique knowledge.
B. Strong service orientation.
C. Code of ethics.
D. Recognized professional authority.
E. Autonomy and self-regulation.
CORRECT ANSWER A, B, C, D, E — All of the above.
RATIONALE Nursing as a professional discipline is characterized by: a well-defined body of unique and specific
knowledge, strong service orientation, a code of ethics, recognized professional authority, standards set by
organizations, ongoing research, and autonomy/self-regulation. These criteria distinguish professions from
occupations. Nursing meets all criteria through evidence-based practice, the ANA Code of Ethics, state Nurse
Practice Acts, and the nursing process as a clinical judgment model.
4. What specifies a nurse's scope of practice? (Select all that apply.)
A. Standards of nursing practice.
B. Nurse practice acts and licensure.
C. Codes of ethics and professional values.
D. Nursing process and clinical judgment models.
E. Hospital cafeteria menu.
CORRECT ANSWER A, B, C, D — Standards of nursing practice; Nurse practice acts and licensure; Codes of ethics and
professional values; Nursing process and clinical judgment models.
RATIONALE A nurse's scope of practice is defined by multiple authoritative sources: (A) Standards of nursing practice (ANA
— what nurses should do), (B) Nurse Practice Acts (state laws — what nurses legally can do) and licensure
requirements, (C) Codes of ethics and professional values (moral obligations), and (D) The nursing process
and clinical judgment models (how nurses think and make decisions). The hospital cafeteria menu does not
define scope of practice.
, 5. What are the four nursing metaparadigm concepts?
A. Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Evaluation.
B. Person, Environment, Health, Nursing.
C. Wellness, Illness, Recovery, Death.
D. Physical, Emotional, Social, Spiritual.
CORRECT ANSWER B — Person, Environment, Health, Nursing.
RATIONALE The four metaparadigm concepts that form the philosophical foundation of all nursing theories are: Person
(the recipient of care — individual, family, community), Environment (the internal and external surroundings
affecting the person), Health (the person's state of well-being along the wellness-illness continuum), and
Nursing (the actions, roles, and interventions of the nurse). These four concepts appear in every major
nursing theory.
6. Which QSEN competency involves recognizing the patient as the source of control and full partner in providing
compassionate care?
A. Teamwork and Collaboration.
B. Safety.
C. Patient-Centered Care.
D. Evidence-Based Practice.
CORRECT ANSWER C — Patient-Centered Care.
RATIONALE Patient-Centered Care is the QSEN competency that recognizes the patient or designee as the source of
control and full partner in providing compassionate and coordinated care based on respect for patient
preferences, values, and needs. Teamwork involves interprofessional collaboration. Safety minimizes risk of
harm. Evidence-Based Practice integrates best evidence with clinical expertise and patient preferences.
7. Which nursing theorist is the modern founder of nursing and recognized that environment contributed to patient
outcomes?
A. Clara Barton.
B. Dorothea Orem.
C. Florence Nightingale.
D. Virginia Henderson.
CORRECT ANSWER C — Florence Nightingale.
RATIONALE Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) is the founder of modern nursing. During the Crimean War, she
demonstrated that manipulating the environment — clean water, sanitized surfaces, ventilation, hand
hygiene — dramatically reduced mortality. This environmental theory remains foundational. Clara Barton
founded the American Red Cross. Dorothea Orem advocated for self-care. Virginia Henderson emphasized
addressing both mental and physiological patient needs (Nursing Need Theory).
