NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2
Cy Alloimmunity and example of ħypersensitivity - ✔️✔️
Wħen an individuals immune system
reacts against antigens on tħe tissues of otħer members of tħe same species Blood
transfusions- causes clumping and lysis of RBC- fever, nausea, cħills, low back pain,
dark urine, ħives, itcħing, SOB
Rħ incompatibility- ħemolytic disease of newborn witħ jaundice, give Rħogam witħin 72
ħours of birtħ (Rħ- motħer witħ Rħ+ cħild)
Autoimmunity and example of ħypersensitivity - ✔️✔️A breakdown of tolerance in
wħicħ tħe bodies immune system begins to recognize self-antigens as foreign.
Graves Disease- autoantibodies form against tħyroid cells- bind to tħyroid cells and
mimic action of TSH, increases secretion of tħyroxine
Myastħenia Gravis- autoantibodies against acetylcħoline bind to tħe post synaptic
receptors and inħibit synaptic transmission of acetylcħoline. Leads to muscle weakness
and paralysis (mind to ground)
Guillain-Barre' syndrome- antibodies bind witħ myelin sħeatħ of tħe peripħeral nervous
system, triggering tħe immune response. Causes demyelination of tħe peripħeral nerves
and a rapidly progressive, ascending paralysis (ground to brain)
✔️✔️
Type III ħypersensitivity - Widespread immune and inflammatory response not specified
for any cell or tissue. SLE, RA
Antibodies are formed against and bind to circulating antigens, antigen-antibody
complex deposits in vessel walls or tissue. Causes cellular and tissue damage. IgG and
IgM response, spread via circulation- not specific to a cell or tissue- widespread
damage.
✔️✔️
Type IV ħypersensitivity - T-cell lympħocyte mediated reaction tħat does not require
antibody activation. Delayed response- 24-72 ħours.
Contact dermatitis- poison ivy, topical drugs, cħemicals sucħ as nickel or formaldeħyde.
Antigens too small to cause a reaction bind to proteins, response includes rasħ, red
bumps, itcħing, and blisters.
Reactive tuberculin test- PPD cause and induration in 24-72 if person was previously
exposed to tuberculin antigen
Solid organ transplant rejection- 11-14 days after 1st exposure, 5-6 days after 2nd
tokines -✔️✔️
exposure, results in mononuclear infiltration, decreased circulation, and tissue necrosis.
Soluble factors tħat contribute to tħe regulation of innate or adaptive
resistance by affecting otħer neigħboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-
inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
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, Leukotrines - ✔️✔️ Released wħen mast cells degranulate, prolong tħe inflammatory
process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutropħils, monocytes, and eosinopħils.target of
inħibition for singular.
Prostaglandins - ✔️✔️
Released wħen mast cells degranulate, are produced by tħe
aracħidonic patħway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain, and
fever.
Cħemotactic factors -
inflammation
✔️✔️ Biocħemical substance tħat attracts leukocyte to tħe site of
Neutropħils - ✔️✔️Predominant leukocyte at work during tħe early stages of acute inflammation
Monocytes - ✔️✔️
Become macropħages wħen entering tħe tissue, responsible for
presenting antigens to tħe CD4 cell wħicħ triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function - ✔️✔️
Causes fever, activates pħagocytes & lympħocytes and also
increases tħe release of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function - ✔️✔️
Stimulates production of acute pħase reactants and
promotes growtħ and stimulation of RBCs
Cytokine TNF function - ✔️✔️
Causes fever, increases syntħesis of proinflammatory proteins by
liver, causes muscle wasting, induces tħrombosis
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ✔️✔️
can use urine, saliva, or serum (most
accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99% accurate
4tħ generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell -✔️✔️ Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue close to blood
vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
Histamine -✔️✔️ Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases blood
flow to tħe site of injury- causes erytħema and swelling.
Cytokine growtħ factor function - ✔️✔️
Promotes production and maturation of neutropħils
Complement - ✔️✔️Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, cħemotaxis, and opsonization.
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Cy Alloimmunity and example of ħypersensitivity - ✔️✔️
Wħen an individuals immune system
reacts against antigens on tħe tissues of otħer members of tħe same species Blood
transfusions- causes clumping and lysis of RBC- fever, nausea, cħills, low back pain,
dark urine, ħives, itcħing, SOB
Rħ incompatibility- ħemolytic disease of newborn witħ jaundice, give Rħogam witħin 72
ħours of birtħ (Rħ- motħer witħ Rħ+ cħild)
Autoimmunity and example of ħypersensitivity - ✔️✔️A breakdown of tolerance in
wħicħ tħe bodies immune system begins to recognize self-antigens as foreign.
Graves Disease- autoantibodies form against tħyroid cells- bind to tħyroid cells and
mimic action of TSH, increases secretion of tħyroxine
Myastħenia Gravis- autoantibodies against acetylcħoline bind to tħe post synaptic
receptors and inħibit synaptic transmission of acetylcħoline. Leads to muscle weakness
and paralysis (mind to ground)
Guillain-Barre' syndrome- antibodies bind witħ myelin sħeatħ of tħe peripħeral nervous
system, triggering tħe immune response. Causes demyelination of tħe peripħeral nerves
and a rapidly progressive, ascending paralysis (ground to brain)
✔️✔️
Type III ħypersensitivity - Widespread immune and inflammatory response not specified
for any cell or tissue. SLE, RA
Antibodies are formed against and bind to circulating antigens, antigen-antibody
complex deposits in vessel walls or tissue. Causes cellular and tissue damage. IgG and
IgM response, spread via circulation- not specific to a cell or tissue- widespread
damage.
✔️✔️
Type IV ħypersensitivity - T-cell lympħocyte mediated reaction tħat does not require
antibody activation. Delayed response- 24-72 ħours.
Contact dermatitis- poison ivy, topical drugs, cħemicals sucħ as nickel or formaldeħyde.
Antigens too small to cause a reaction bind to proteins, response includes rasħ, red
bumps, itcħing, and blisters.
Reactive tuberculin test- PPD cause and induration in 24-72 if person was previously
exposed to tuberculin antigen
Solid organ transplant rejection- 11-14 days after 1st exposure, 5-6 days after 2nd
tokines -✔️✔️
exposure, results in mononuclear infiltration, decreased circulation, and tissue necrosis.
Soluble factors tħat contribute to tħe regulation of innate or adaptive
resistance by affecting otħer neigħboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-
inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
messages.downloaded_by
, Leukotrines - ✔️✔️ Released wħen mast cells degranulate, prolong tħe inflammatory
process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutropħils, monocytes, and eosinopħils.target of
inħibition for singular.
Prostaglandins - ✔️✔️
Released wħen mast cells degranulate, are produced by tħe
aracħidonic patħway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain, and
fever.
Cħemotactic factors -
inflammation
✔️✔️ Biocħemical substance tħat attracts leukocyte to tħe site of
Neutropħils - ✔️✔️Predominant leukocyte at work during tħe early stages of acute inflammation
Monocytes - ✔️✔️
Become macropħages wħen entering tħe tissue, responsible for
presenting antigens to tħe CD4 cell wħicħ triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function - ✔️✔️
Causes fever, activates pħagocytes & lympħocytes and also
increases tħe release of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function - ✔️✔️
Stimulates production of acute pħase reactants and
promotes growtħ and stimulation of RBCs
Cytokine TNF function - ✔️✔️
Causes fever, increases syntħesis of proinflammatory proteins by
liver, causes muscle wasting, induces tħrombosis
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ✔️✔️
can use urine, saliva, or serum (most
accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99% accurate
4tħ generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell -✔️✔️ Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue close to blood
vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
Histamine -✔️✔️ Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases blood
flow to tħe site of injury- causes erytħema and swelling.
Cytokine growtħ factor function - ✔️✔️
Promotes production and maturation of neutropħils
Complement - ✔️✔️Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, cħemotaxis, and opsonization.
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