BIOD 210 – GENETICS – MODULE 5 2026 EXAM COMPLETE (160) CURRENT TESTING Q&A

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BIOD 210 – GENETICS – MODULE 5 2026
EXAM COMPLETE (160) CURRENT TESTING
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS WITH
DETAILED RATIONALES|GRADED A+.
BIOD
Prepare for the BIOD 210 Module 5 Exam – Genetics Portage Learning
with practice questions covering gene expression, transcription,
translation, RNA processing, and gene regulation (prokaryotic and
eukaryotic), consistent with typical Module 5 content. This study
guide helps reinforce essential genetics knowledge and supports
effective biology exam preparation. Designed to improve analytical
thinking skills and boost confidence in understanding hereditary and
cellular processes. Suitable for biology, pre-med, nursing, and allied
health students.


MULTIPLE CHOICE.

Section 1: Transcription – Initiation, Elongation, Termination
(Questions 1–30)
1. Transcription is the process by which:
A) DNA is replicated from RNA
B) RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
C) Protein is synthesized from RNA
D) DNA is repaired

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Answer: B. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
Explanation: Transcription uses RNA polymerase to produce RNA
complementary to one DNA strand.
2. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes transcription in
bacteria?
A) DNA polymerase III
B) RNA polymerase I
C) RNA polymerase (holoenzyme)
D) Reverse transcriptase
Answer: C. RNA polymerase (holoenzyme)
Explanation: Bacterial RNA polymerase holoenzyme (core + sigma
factor) initiates transcription.
3. The sigma factor in bacterial RNA polymerase is responsible for:
A) Elongation of the RNA chain
B) Recognition of the promoter sequence
C) Termination of transcription
D) Proofreading
Answer: B. Recognition of the promoter sequence
Explanation: Sigma factor directs RNA polymerase to the promoter
by recognizing consensus sequences.
4. The promoter region in prokaryotes is typically located:
A) Upstream of the transcription start site
B) Downstream of the transcription start site
C) Within the coding region
D) At the terminator

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Answer: A. Upstream of the transcription start site
Explanation: The promoter lies 5′ (upstream) of the transcription
start site and binds RNA polymerase.
5. The consensus sequence found at the −10 box (Pribnow box) in
bacterial promoters is:
A) TATAAT
B) TTGACA
C) AUG
D) GGCC
Answer: A. TATAAT
Explanation: The −10 consensus is TATAAT; the −35 consensus is
TTGACA.
6. The −35 consensus sequence in bacterial promoters is:
A) TATAAT
B) TTGACA
C) AAAAAA
D) CGGGCC
Answer: B. TTGACA
Explanation: The −35 box (TTGACA) is recognized by sigma factor.
7. During transcription initiation in bacteria, RNA polymerase binds
to the promoter and:
A) Begins synthesizing RNA without a primer
B) Requires a primer to start
C) Unwinds DNA only after adding 10 nucleotides
D) Uses ATP as the first nucleotide

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Answer: A. Begins synthesizing RNA without a primer
Explanation: RNA polymerase does not require a primer; it initiates
de novo.
8. The first nucleotide incorporated into a bacterial RNA transcript is
typically:
A) ATP or GTP (usually a purine)
B) UTP
C) CTP
D) Any nucleotide randomly
Answer: A. ATP or GTP (usually a purine)
Explanation: Transcription initiates with a purine triphosphate (ATP
or GTP).
9. The transcription bubble refers to:
A) The region of RNA that is being spliced
B) The locally unwound DNA where RNA is synthesized
C) The site of ribosome binding
D) The terminator hairpin
Answer: B. The locally unwound DNA where RNA is synthesized
Explanation: RNA polymerase unwinds about 12-14 base pairs of
DNA, creating a transcription bubble.
10. During elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA
template strand in which direction?
A) 5′→3′ along the template strand
B) 3′→5′ along the template strand
C) 5′→3′ along the coding strand
D) Bidirectionally