PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 101 CORE MAIN EXAMINATION
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔body cavities - ✔✔regions formed by layers of tissues that may be fluid or air filled.
✔✔coeloms - ✔✔Fluid filled cavities
✔✔three types of body cavity classification in animals. - ✔✔Acoelomates,
Eucoelomates, Pseudocoelomates
✔✔Acoelomates - ✔✔have no true body cavity, but still meet other classification
requirements to be considered an animal. An example of an acoelomates is the flat
worm.
✔✔Eucoelomates - ✔✔are defined as having a true coelom that surrounds a gut (may
be primitive or a complex digestive system). Humans are broadly classified as
eucoelomates and are anatomically subdivided into four smaller cavities.
✔✔dorsal cavity - ✔✔houses the brain and spinal cord
✔✔thoracic cavity - ✔✔encloses the heart and lungs
✔✔abdominal cavity - ✔✔encloses most digestive organs
✔✔pelvic cavity - ✔✔encloses the reproductive organs and urinary bladder.
✔✔Pseudocoelomates - ✔✔are animals that do not have a true body cavity. While they
may appear to have a fluid-filled region, upon microscopic evaluation, the cells lining the
space are not continuous and do not completely surround the space. An example of a
pseudocoelomate is a roundworm.
✔✔blastocyst - ✔✔After fertilization occurs, the united gametes are called this. a mass
of cells.
✔✔protostome development - ✔✔a spiral cleavage occurs in the cell mass. A spiral
cleavage results in cells in an upper tier, spiraling over a lower tier.
✔✔deuterostome development - ✔✔a radical cleavage occurs in the cell mass. A radial
cleavage results in cells of an upper and lower tier being radially oriented around a
central axis. Humans, and other animals with a spinal cord are classified as this.
✔✔Prokaryote Kingdom: Monera - ✔✔One last area to explore can be considered a
controversial kingdom. It is controversial in the sense that not all scientists recognize it
, as a kingdom, choosing instead to split organisms within this kingdom between the
umbrellas of bacteria and archaea.
✔✔trophic levels - ✔✔which are based on feeding relationships
✔✔The Law of Conservation of Mass - ✔✔The Law states that matter, within the
system, is neither created nor destroyed but rather recycled in different forms among
the various trophic levels.
✔✔primary producers - ✔✔autotrophs are this and support all other trophic levels.
✔✔Herbivores - ✔✔eat the primary producers and are thus referred to as primary
consumers
✔✔Carnivores - ✔✔eat the herbivore organisms and are secondary consumers.
✔✔Tertiary consumers - ✔✔are carnivores that eat other carnivores.
✔✔Detritivores - ✔✔or decomposers, are heterotrophs such as bacteria and fungi that
break down dead and dying organic matter and play a crucial role in nutrient balance
within an ecosystem.
✔✔Water Cycle - ✔✔occurs through processes of evaporation and precipitation. Water
is essential to all living things and therefore must be recycled.
✔✔Carbon Cycle - ✔✔is recycled and maintained through plant photosynthesis and
cellular respiration of consumers. Carbon is an essential element that is required for the
maintenance and formation of organic matter
✔✔Nitrogen Cycle - ✔✔enters the cycle by a process called nitrogen fixation and is
recycled by a complex interaction among bacteria, various decomposers, and human
activity. Nitrogen is necessary for formation of amino acids and proteins. See Animation
2.2 for a detailed explanation of the nitrogen cycle.
✔✔Phosphorous Cycle - ✔✔allows for the recycling of phosphorous which is a
necessary component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and needed for metabolic
processes. Phosphorous is maintained through environmental processes such as
decomposition, plant uptake, and the weathering of rocks.
✔✔ organism - ✔✔defined as an individual, living creature
✔✔the most widely accepted characteristics of an organism - ✔✔(1) Order, (2)
Evolutionary Adaptation, (3) Regulation, (4) Energy Processing, (5) Growth and
Development, (6) Response to the Environment, and (7) Reproduction
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔body cavities - ✔✔regions formed by layers of tissues that may be fluid or air filled.
✔✔coeloms - ✔✔Fluid filled cavities
✔✔three types of body cavity classification in animals. - ✔✔Acoelomates,
Eucoelomates, Pseudocoelomates
✔✔Acoelomates - ✔✔have no true body cavity, but still meet other classification
requirements to be considered an animal. An example of an acoelomates is the flat
worm.
✔✔Eucoelomates - ✔✔are defined as having a true coelom that surrounds a gut (may
be primitive or a complex digestive system). Humans are broadly classified as
eucoelomates and are anatomically subdivided into four smaller cavities.
✔✔dorsal cavity - ✔✔houses the brain and spinal cord
✔✔thoracic cavity - ✔✔encloses the heart and lungs
✔✔abdominal cavity - ✔✔encloses most digestive organs
✔✔pelvic cavity - ✔✔encloses the reproductive organs and urinary bladder.
✔✔Pseudocoelomates - ✔✔are animals that do not have a true body cavity. While they
may appear to have a fluid-filled region, upon microscopic evaluation, the cells lining the
space are not continuous and do not completely surround the space. An example of a
pseudocoelomate is a roundworm.
✔✔blastocyst - ✔✔After fertilization occurs, the united gametes are called this. a mass
of cells.
✔✔protostome development - ✔✔a spiral cleavage occurs in the cell mass. A spiral
cleavage results in cells in an upper tier, spiraling over a lower tier.
✔✔deuterostome development - ✔✔a radical cleavage occurs in the cell mass. A radial
cleavage results in cells of an upper and lower tier being radially oriented around a
central axis. Humans, and other animals with a spinal cord are classified as this.
✔✔Prokaryote Kingdom: Monera - ✔✔One last area to explore can be considered a
controversial kingdom. It is controversial in the sense that not all scientists recognize it
, as a kingdom, choosing instead to split organisms within this kingdom between the
umbrellas of bacteria and archaea.
✔✔trophic levels - ✔✔which are based on feeding relationships
✔✔The Law of Conservation of Mass - ✔✔The Law states that matter, within the
system, is neither created nor destroyed but rather recycled in different forms among
the various trophic levels.
✔✔primary producers - ✔✔autotrophs are this and support all other trophic levels.
✔✔Herbivores - ✔✔eat the primary producers and are thus referred to as primary
consumers
✔✔Carnivores - ✔✔eat the herbivore organisms and are secondary consumers.
✔✔Tertiary consumers - ✔✔are carnivores that eat other carnivores.
✔✔Detritivores - ✔✔or decomposers, are heterotrophs such as bacteria and fungi that
break down dead and dying organic matter and play a crucial role in nutrient balance
within an ecosystem.
✔✔Water Cycle - ✔✔occurs through processes of evaporation and precipitation. Water
is essential to all living things and therefore must be recycled.
✔✔Carbon Cycle - ✔✔is recycled and maintained through plant photosynthesis and
cellular respiration of consumers. Carbon is an essential element that is required for the
maintenance and formation of organic matter
✔✔Nitrogen Cycle - ✔✔enters the cycle by a process called nitrogen fixation and is
recycled by a complex interaction among bacteria, various decomposers, and human
activity. Nitrogen is necessary for formation of amino acids and proteins. See Animation
2.2 for a detailed explanation of the nitrogen cycle.
✔✔Phosphorous Cycle - ✔✔allows for the recycling of phosphorous which is a
necessary component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and needed for metabolic
processes. Phosphorous is maintained through environmental processes such as
decomposition, plant uptake, and the weathering of rocks.
✔✔ organism - ✔✔defined as an individual, living creature
✔✔the most widely accepted characteristics of an organism - ✔✔(1) Order, (2)
Evolutionary Adaptation, (3) Regulation, (4) Energy Processing, (5) Growth and
Development, (6) Response to the Environment, and (7) Reproduction
