BIO 181 EXAM 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026
◉ Glycolysis reactants. Answer: Glucose, 2 ATP, and 2 NAD+
◉ Glycolysis products. Answer: 2 NADH, 2 H+ ions, 4 ATP, 2
pyruvates
◉ What number carbon is pyruvate. Answer: 3 carbon.
◉ Pyruvate. Answer: Organic compound with a backbone of three
carbon atoms. Two molecules form as end products of glycolysis.
◉ Glycolysis. Answer: A metabolic process that breaks down
carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either
pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the
form of ATP. Occurs in cytosol.
◉ Catabolic pathway. Answer: Pathway that take complex
macromolecules—primarily hydrocarbons—, and break the
chemical bonds apart, releasing the chemical energy of the
electrons.
,◉ Anabolic pathway. Answer: A pathway that takes simple
molecules and makes them more complex. Energy storing.
◉ Anaerobic. Answer: Processes that do not require oxygen.
◉ Aerobic. Answer: Processes that require oxygen.
◉ Aerobic cellular respiration. Answer: An efficient, oxygen-
requiring pathway by which energy is produced for the cell. Food
molecules are broken down and release ATP as well as waste
products of CO2 and H2O.
◉ Fermentation pathways. Answer: Inefficient pathways in which
food is partially broken down to create energy.
◉ Substrate-level phosphorylation. Answer: When an enzyme
transfers a phosphate group from one substrate molecule to another.
◉ Equation for aerobic cellular respiration. Answer: C6H12O6 + 6
O2 --> ATP + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
◉ Coenzymes. Answer: Molecules that aid in the functioning of an
enzyme.
, ◉ NAD+. Answer: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme
that gathers 2 electrons and 2 H+ protons from broken chemical
bonds. In this state, it is oxidized.
◉ NADH. Answer: The reduced form of NAD+.
◉ FAD+. Answer: Flavin adenine dinucleotide. A coenzyme,
occurring in most living cells and utilized alternately with FADH as
an oxidizing or reducing agent in various metabolic processes.
◉ What does FAD+ stand for?. Answer: Flavin adenine dinucleotide
◉ FADH2. Answer: The reduced form of FAD+.
◉ Metabolism. Answer: Chemical processed that help maintain
homeostasis within an organism.
◉ The pre-krebs cycle and electron transport chain both occur in....
Answer: The inner mitochondrial membrane.
◉ The krebs cycle occurs in the.... Answer: The mitochondrial
matrix.
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026
◉ Glycolysis reactants. Answer: Glucose, 2 ATP, and 2 NAD+
◉ Glycolysis products. Answer: 2 NADH, 2 H+ ions, 4 ATP, 2
pyruvates
◉ What number carbon is pyruvate. Answer: 3 carbon.
◉ Pyruvate. Answer: Organic compound with a backbone of three
carbon atoms. Two molecules form as end products of glycolysis.
◉ Glycolysis. Answer: A metabolic process that breaks down
carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either
pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the
form of ATP. Occurs in cytosol.
◉ Catabolic pathway. Answer: Pathway that take complex
macromolecules—primarily hydrocarbons—, and break the
chemical bonds apart, releasing the chemical energy of the
electrons.
,◉ Anabolic pathway. Answer: A pathway that takes simple
molecules and makes them more complex. Energy storing.
◉ Anaerobic. Answer: Processes that do not require oxygen.
◉ Aerobic. Answer: Processes that require oxygen.
◉ Aerobic cellular respiration. Answer: An efficient, oxygen-
requiring pathway by which energy is produced for the cell. Food
molecules are broken down and release ATP as well as waste
products of CO2 and H2O.
◉ Fermentation pathways. Answer: Inefficient pathways in which
food is partially broken down to create energy.
◉ Substrate-level phosphorylation. Answer: When an enzyme
transfers a phosphate group from one substrate molecule to another.
◉ Equation for aerobic cellular respiration. Answer: C6H12O6 + 6
O2 --> ATP + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
◉ Coenzymes. Answer: Molecules that aid in the functioning of an
enzyme.
, ◉ NAD+. Answer: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme
that gathers 2 electrons and 2 H+ protons from broken chemical
bonds. In this state, it is oxidized.
◉ NADH. Answer: The reduced form of NAD+.
◉ FAD+. Answer: Flavin adenine dinucleotide. A coenzyme,
occurring in most living cells and utilized alternately with FADH as
an oxidizing or reducing agent in various metabolic processes.
◉ What does FAD+ stand for?. Answer: Flavin adenine dinucleotide
◉ FADH2. Answer: The reduced form of FAD+.
◉ Metabolism. Answer: Chemical processed that help maintain
homeostasis within an organism.
◉ The pre-krebs cycle and electron transport chain both occur in....
Answer: The inner mitochondrial membrane.
◉ The krebs cycle occurs in the.... Answer: The mitochondrial
matrix.
