BIO 253 BUNDLED EXAMS 2026
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
WORKBOOK SOLVED QUESTIONS
COMPILATION
◉ how does the 1st law of thermodynamics apply to living
organisms?
Answer: - living organisms transform energy from sunlight -->
chemical energy
- cells convert energy by expending it & giving off heat as a by
product
◉ 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Answer: the amount of entropy in the universe is constantly
increasing
◉ entropy.
Answer: amount of disorder in a system
◉ disorder.
Answer: # of states that a system can take on
,◉ how does temperature affect entropy?.
Answer: higher temp --> molecules move faster --> more entropy
◉ how does the 2nd law of thermodynamics apply to living
organisms?.
Answer: - living organisms are highly organized (takes a lot of
energy to maintain organization)
- cell is highly organized
- cells give off energy as heat --> movement of molecules in
surrounding environment increases --> entropy of entire system
increases
◉ does a dog or bucket of water have more entropy?.
Answer: bucket of water - less organized, more disorder
◉ how did the scientific method demonstrate that living organisms
come from other living organisms?.
Answer: belief of spontaneous generation --> refuted by Redi's
experiment (maggots appearing on rotting meat) & Pasteur's
experiment (microbes in sterilized broth)
◉ covalent bond.
Answer: chemical bond resulting from atoms sharing a pair of
electrons
, - strongest bond
(ex. H2, methane, ammonia, water)
◉ nonpolar covalent bond.
Answer: a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally
by the two atoms
(ex. hydrogen gas (H2))
◉ polar covalent bond.
Answer: a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
- caused by differences in electronegativity among atoms
(ex. H2O)
◉ ionic bond.
Answer: chemical bond resulting from the attraction b/n oppositely
charged ions
- extreme differences in electronegativity
(ex. NaCl -- Cl- takes extra electron from Na+)
◉ ions.
Answer: positively/negatively charged atoms
(ex. H+)
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
WORKBOOK SOLVED QUESTIONS
COMPILATION
◉ how does the 1st law of thermodynamics apply to living
organisms?
Answer: - living organisms transform energy from sunlight -->
chemical energy
- cells convert energy by expending it & giving off heat as a by
product
◉ 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Answer: the amount of entropy in the universe is constantly
increasing
◉ entropy.
Answer: amount of disorder in a system
◉ disorder.
Answer: # of states that a system can take on
,◉ how does temperature affect entropy?.
Answer: higher temp --> molecules move faster --> more entropy
◉ how does the 2nd law of thermodynamics apply to living
organisms?.
Answer: - living organisms are highly organized (takes a lot of
energy to maintain organization)
- cell is highly organized
- cells give off energy as heat --> movement of molecules in
surrounding environment increases --> entropy of entire system
increases
◉ does a dog or bucket of water have more entropy?.
Answer: bucket of water - less organized, more disorder
◉ how did the scientific method demonstrate that living organisms
come from other living organisms?.
Answer: belief of spontaneous generation --> refuted by Redi's
experiment (maggots appearing on rotting meat) & Pasteur's
experiment (microbes in sterilized broth)
◉ covalent bond.
Answer: chemical bond resulting from atoms sharing a pair of
electrons
, - strongest bond
(ex. H2, methane, ammonia, water)
◉ nonpolar covalent bond.
Answer: a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally
by the two atoms
(ex. hydrogen gas (H2))
◉ polar covalent bond.
Answer: a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
- caused by differences in electronegativity among atoms
(ex. H2O)
◉ ionic bond.
Answer: chemical bond resulting from the attraction b/n oppositely
charged ions
- extreme differences in electronegativity
(ex. NaCl -- Cl- takes extra electron from Na+)
◉ ions.
Answer: positively/negatively charged atoms
(ex. H+)
