BIO 669 CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ what do the arcuate arteries do?.
Answer: help to define that border between the cortex and the medulla
◍ What is the glomerulus?.
Answer: ball of capillaries, that filters fluid out of the capillary.
◍ what percent of functioning is needed to be considered renal insufficiency?.
Answer: 25%
◍ What do loop diuretics do?.
Answer: affects loop of henle, gets rid of sodium and potassium
◍ why does glomerulonephritis occur?.
Answer: immunologic abnormalities- infectiondrugs/ toxins-
allergiesvascular disorderssystemic diseases-ischemia, diabetes, metabolic
disordersviral
◍ what does glumerulotubular balance do?.
Answer: adjusts sodium and water reabsorptionas GFR drops= higher
sodium and water reabsorptionas GFR increases= less sodium and water
reabsorption
◍ what are intercalated cells?.
Answer: secrete H+ and reabsorb K and HCO3(involved in acid base)
◍ what are Aldosterone inhibitors?.
Answer: potassium sparing- lose sodium but retain potassium
◍ What are osmotic diuretics?.
Answer: freely filtered but not reabsorbed, osmotically attracts water and
diminishes sodium retentionsynthetic- mannitol= rapid diuresis
, ◍ what is myogenic (intrinsic) autoregulation?.
Answer: autoregulatory that wants consistent rate and flow
◍ What is hydroureter?.
Answer: accumulation of urine in the ureter= back up= increased pressure
and decrease in GFR
◍ What does the Bowman's capsule do?.
Answer: helps to contain and capture any fluid that leaks out of the
glomerulus
◍ what effects the severity of the urinary tract obstructions?.
Answer: locationhow much blockageinvolvement of ureters and/or both
kidneysduration cause
◍ What does the vasa recta do?.
Answer: Maintains the osmotic gradientDelivers blood to the cells in the
area
◍ what are the differences for aging renal function?.
Answer: decreased renal blood flow and GFR- altered sodium and water
balancedecrease in nephrons- damages to nephrons, glomerular membranes,
decreased vascular to nephronsdelayed acid-base responseincreased drug
toxicityalteration in thirst drive and water intake.
◍ What does the macula densa do?.
Answer: senses sodium levels =determine the need to increase or decrease
the flow ratehigh sodium= increased flow rate low sodium= decreased flow
rate
◍ what are the manifestations of acute cystitis?.
Answer: Frequency, dysuria, urgency, and lower abdominal and/or
suprapubic pain
◍ why do you need to be concerned about klebsiella and proteus (gram
negative)?.
Answer: they can ascend up the ureter= pyelonephritis
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ what do the arcuate arteries do?.
Answer: help to define that border between the cortex and the medulla
◍ What is the glomerulus?.
Answer: ball of capillaries, that filters fluid out of the capillary.
◍ what percent of functioning is needed to be considered renal insufficiency?.
Answer: 25%
◍ What do loop diuretics do?.
Answer: affects loop of henle, gets rid of sodium and potassium
◍ why does glomerulonephritis occur?.
Answer: immunologic abnormalities- infectiondrugs/ toxins-
allergiesvascular disorderssystemic diseases-ischemia, diabetes, metabolic
disordersviral
◍ what does glumerulotubular balance do?.
Answer: adjusts sodium and water reabsorptionas GFR drops= higher
sodium and water reabsorptionas GFR increases= less sodium and water
reabsorption
◍ what are intercalated cells?.
Answer: secrete H+ and reabsorb K and HCO3(involved in acid base)
◍ what are Aldosterone inhibitors?.
Answer: potassium sparing- lose sodium but retain potassium
◍ What are osmotic diuretics?.
Answer: freely filtered but not reabsorbed, osmotically attracts water and
diminishes sodium retentionsynthetic- mannitol= rapid diuresis
, ◍ what is myogenic (intrinsic) autoregulation?.
Answer: autoregulatory that wants consistent rate and flow
◍ What is hydroureter?.
Answer: accumulation of urine in the ureter= back up= increased pressure
and decrease in GFR
◍ What does the Bowman's capsule do?.
Answer: helps to contain and capture any fluid that leaks out of the
glomerulus
◍ what effects the severity of the urinary tract obstructions?.
Answer: locationhow much blockageinvolvement of ureters and/or both
kidneysduration cause
◍ What does the vasa recta do?.
Answer: Maintains the osmotic gradientDelivers blood to the cells in the
area
◍ what are the differences for aging renal function?.
Answer: decreased renal blood flow and GFR- altered sodium and water
balancedecrease in nephrons- damages to nephrons, glomerular membranes,
decreased vascular to nephronsdelayed acid-base responseincreased drug
toxicityalteration in thirst drive and water intake.
◍ What does the macula densa do?.
Answer: senses sodium levels =determine the need to increase or decrease
the flow ratehigh sodium= increased flow rate low sodium= decreased flow
rate
◍ what are the manifestations of acute cystitis?.
Answer: Frequency, dysuria, urgency, and lower abdominal and/or
suprapubic pain
◍ why do you need to be concerned about klebsiella and proteus (gram
negative)?.
Answer: they can ascend up the ureter= pyelonephritis
