BIO 669 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Which of the following is true about metabolic alkalosis? Select all that
apply.A) Can be caused by vomiting with hydrochloric acid lossB)
Associated with hyperkalemiaC) High bicarbonate, high pH lab resultsD)
Hypoventilation as a compensatory mechanism.
Answer: A, C, D A) Can be caused by vomiting with hydrochloric acid
lossC) High bicarbonate, high pH lab resultsD) Hypoventilation as a
compensatory mechanism
◍ Fevers can cause an increase in respiration rate (the second most common
cause of fluid loss after urination), when referring to the pediatric patient
why is this significant? (Explain).
Answer: An infant's body weight is comprised of 75%-80% fluid, compared
to an adult male where the body is only comprised of 60% fluid; this makes
the child more susceptible to dehydration, change in electrolyte balance, and
serious illness.
◍ The release of aldosterone promotes
A. Water reabsorption
B. Sodium Reabsorption
C. Potassium Excretion
D. All of the above.
Answer: D. all of the above
◍ An excessive amount of this electrolyte can contribute to decreased urine
formation, the formation of SIADH, weakness, muscle twitching and
cerebral edema
A. Potassium
, B. Calcium
C. Water
D. Sodium.
Answer: D. Sodium
◍ A clinical feature of Addison disease is:
A. Truncal
B. Muscle wasting and thin extremities
C. Cardiac hypertrophy
D. Hyperpigmentation.
Answer: D. Hyperpigmentation
◍ A stroke affecting the temporal lobe is most likely to show signs and
symptoms affecting the:.
Answer: Patients speech or hearing
◍ The receptive (incoming signal) portion of the neuron is called the:.
Answer: Dendrite
◍ How is fluid maintained in the body?a.) Kidneys filtering electrolytes and
water from the blood.b.) The thirst mechanism that stimulate thirst in
response toincrease the blood volume concentration.c.) Movement of fluid
from intravascular to interstitial fluid.
Answer: a-Kidneys filtering electrolytes and water from the blood
◍ The basal ganglia (cerebral nuclei) are most involved in:.
Answer: Inhibiting unwanted movement (coordinating movement)
◍ Which of the following is NOT a non volatile acid in the body?
A. Lactic acid
B. Phosphoric acid
C. Hydroxybutyric acid
D. Carbonic acid.
Answer: D- carbonic acid
◍ Increased intracranial pressure, lethargy, confusion, seizures, decreased
reflexes and sometimes coma are all symptoms of what?a. hypokalemiab.
, hyponatremiac. hypernatremiad. hypochloremia.
Answer: B. hyponatremia
◍ The ____ division of the autonomic nervous system helps conserve energy
and the body's resources (rest and digest) and uses ______ as it's
neurotransmitter?.
Answer: Parasympathetic; acetylcholine
◍ Calcium has an equilibrium potential of 123mV this means that under
normal resting potiential if Ca++ became more permeable the membrane
potential would.
Answer: become more positive until the inside of the cell became positive
◍ The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system when activated will ultimately
result in the _________ through the kidneys?.
Answer: Retention of Na+ and water and loss of K+
◍ makeing the inside of the cell membrane more negative relative to the
outside of the membrane would be considered.
Answer: hyperpolaraization (repolarization)
◍ is a signaling molecule that attracts white blood cells?a. histamineb.
eosinophilc. bradykinind. chemokine.
Answer: d. chemokine
◍ What is the difference between acidemia and acidosis?.
Answer: Acidemia is the state in which the PH of arterial blood is less than
7.35, but acidosis is the condition of having too much acid or too little base,
regardless of PH.
◍ Which of the following is likely an effect of hypercalcemia.
Answer: bradycardia
◍ Serum potassium levels are influenced bya. Insulinb. Epinephrinec.
Aldosteroned. all of the abovee. A & C only.
Answer: d. all of the above
◍ Graded potentials are all of the following EXCEPT:.
, Answer: Impulses which travel without diminishing over distance
◍ True or False. Bradykinin is the most important product of the kinin system
and causes vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and pain..
Answer: True
◍ The alpha-1 receptor will, upon binding to its ligand, will result in which of
thefollowing effects?.
Answer: Excitation and vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle
◍ The movement of fluid between the vascular, interstitial space and
lymphatics is a result of?
A. Capillary oncotic pressure
B. Hydrostatic pressure
C. Net filtration
D. Osmotic forces.
Answer: C. Net filtration
◍ chloride ion Cl- has an equilibrium potential nearly the same as the resting
potential. As a result, at resting membrane potential chloride ion (when
permeable to the membrane) will move.
Answer: equally in both directions
◍ Which line of immunity defense activates inflammation:A) First lineB)
second lineC) third lineD) fourth line.
Answer: b. second line
◍ the ion that is best represented by the following concentrations, 150 mM
extracellular an 15mM intracellular is.
Answer: Na+
◍ which of the following is not a feature of adaptive immune system.
Answer: all of the above are features of the adaptive immune system
◍ A secondary effect of this hormone is to inhibit release of gonadotropin
releasing hormone, which decreases libido and fertility, and may by why
there is some measure of birth control while exclusively breastfeeding a
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Which of the following is true about metabolic alkalosis? Select all that
apply.A) Can be caused by vomiting with hydrochloric acid lossB)
Associated with hyperkalemiaC) High bicarbonate, high pH lab resultsD)
Hypoventilation as a compensatory mechanism.
Answer: A, C, D A) Can be caused by vomiting with hydrochloric acid
lossC) High bicarbonate, high pH lab resultsD) Hypoventilation as a
compensatory mechanism
◍ Fevers can cause an increase in respiration rate (the second most common
cause of fluid loss after urination), when referring to the pediatric patient
why is this significant? (Explain).
Answer: An infant's body weight is comprised of 75%-80% fluid, compared
to an adult male where the body is only comprised of 60% fluid; this makes
the child more susceptible to dehydration, change in electrolyte balance, and
serious illness.
◍ The release of aldosterone promotes
A. Water reabsorption
B. Sodium Reabsorption
C. Potassium Excretion
D. All of the above.
Answer: D. all of the above
◍ An excessive amount of this electrolyte can contribute to decreased urine
formation, the formation of SIADH, weakness, muscle twitching and
cerebral edema
A. Potassium
, B. Calcium
C. Water
D. Sodium.
Answer: D. Sodium
◍ A clinical feature of Addison disease is:
A. Truncal
B. Muscle wasting and thin extremities
C. Cardiac hypertrophy
D. Hyperpigmentation.
Answer: D. Hyperpigmentation
◍ A stroke affecting the temporal lobe is most likely to show signs and
symptoms affecting the:.
Answer: Patients speech or hearing
◍ The receptive (incoming signal) portion of the neuron is called the:.
Answer: Dendrite
◍ How is fluid maintained in the body?a.) Kidneys filtering electrolytes and
water from the blood.b.) The thirst mechanism that stimulate thirst in
response toincrease the blood volume concentration.c.) Movement of fluid
from intravascular to interstitial fluid.
Answer: a-Kidneys filtering electrolytes and water from the blood
◍ The basal ganglia (cerebral nuclei) are most involved in:.
Answer: Inhibiting unwanted movement (coordinating movement)
◍ Which of the following is NOT a non volatile acid in the body?
A. Lactic acid
B. Phosphoric acid
C. Hydroxybutyric acid
D. Carbonic acid.
Answer: D- carbonic acid
◍ Increased intracranial pressure, lethargy, confusion, seizures, decreased
reflexes and sometimes coma are all symptoms of what?a. hypokalemiab.
, hyponatremiac. hypernatremiad. hypochloremia.
Answer: B. hyponatremia
◍ The ____ division of the autonomic nervous system helps conserve energy
and the body's resources (rest and digest) and uses ______ as it's
neurotransmitter?.
Answer: Parasympathetic; acetylcholine
◍ Calcium has an equilibrium potential of 123mV this means that under
normal resting potiential if Ca++ became more permeable the membrane
potential would.
Answer: become more positive until the inside of the cell became positive
◍ The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system when activated will ultimately
result in the _________ through the kidneys?.
Answer: Retention of Na+ and water and loss of K+
◍ makeing the inside of the cell membrane more negative relative to the
outside of the membrane would be considered.
Answer: hyperpolaraization (repolarization)
◍ is a signaling molecule that attracts white blood cells?a. histamineb.
eosinophilc. bradykinind. chemokine.
Answer: d. chemokine
◍ What is the difference between acidemia and acidosis?.
Answer: Acidemia is the state in which the PH of arterial blood is less than
7.35, but acidosis is the condition of having too much acid or too little base,
regardless of PH.
◍ Which of the following is likely an effect of hypercalcemia.
Answer: bradycardia
◍ Serum potassium levels are influenced bya. Insulinb. Epinephrinec.
Aldosteroned. all of the abovee. A & C only.
Answer: d. all of the above
◍ Graded potentials are all of the following EXCEPT:.
, Answer: Impulses which travel without diminishing over distance
◍ True or False. Bradykinin is the most important product of the kinin system
and causes vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and pain..
Answer: True
◍ The alpha-1 receptor will, upon binding to its ligand, will result in which of
thefollowing effects?.
Answer: Excitation and vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle
◍ The movement of fluid between the vascular, interstitial space and
lymphatics is a result of?
A. Capillary oncotic pressure
B. Hydrostatic pressure
C. Net filtration
D. Osmotic forces.
Answer: C. Net filtration
◍ chloride ion Cl- has an equilibrium potential nearly the same as the resting
potential. As a result, at resting membrane potential chloride ion (when
permeable to the membrane) will move.
Answer: equally in both directions
◍ Which line of immunity defense activates inflammation:A) First lineB)
second lineC) third lineD) fourth line.
Answer: b. second line
◍ the ion that is best represented by the following concentrations, 150 mM
extracellular an 15mM intracellular is.
Answer: Na+
◍ which of the following is not a feature of adaptive immune system.
Answer: all of the above are features of the adaptive immune system
◍ A secondary effect of this hormone is to inhibit release of gonadotropin
releasing hormone, which decreases libido and fertility, and may by why
there is some measure of birth control while exclusively breastfeeding a
