BIO 669 PRACTICE EXAMINATION 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ If H+ is high in number, pH is _____.
Answer: low (acidic)
◍ ketoacidosis= H+ is _____ of the cell.
Answer: inside
◍ What is active immunity?.
Answer: exposure to antigenimmunizations
◍ carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.
Answer: chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood
◍ what do mast cells contain?.
Answer: histamine, cytokines, and chemotaxic factors (stimulate cell
migration to an area)
◍ what do tumor necrosis factor-alphas do?.
Answer: induce fever by acting as an endogenous pyrogenincrease synthesis
of inflammatory serum proteinscauses muscle wasting (cachexia) and
intravascular thrombosis
◍ effects of hypercalcemia.
Answer: decreased excitabilityMany nonspecific: fatigue, weakness,
lethargy, anorexia, nausea, constipationImpaired renal function, kidney
stonesDysrhythmias, bradycardia, cardiac arrestBone pain,
osteoporosisincreased parathyroid hormone and vitamin D
◍ Effects of hypophosphatemia.
Answer: Reduced capacity for oxygen transport by red blood cells, thus
disturbed energy metabolismLeukocyte and platelet dysfunctionDeranged
nerve and muscle functionIn severe cases, irritability, confusion, numbness,
, coma, convulsions, possibly respiratory failure, cardiomyopathies, bone
resorption
◍ What is a left shift?.
Answer: increase number of immature leukocytes due to rapid production
and releasesevere enemia can be caused by inflammation because cytokines
stimulate neutrophile production from bone marrow which release mature
and immature cellsor caused by necrosis is when this occurs(mostly
signifies infection of bacterial type
◍ What does the kinin system do?.
Answer: causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction,
increases vascular permeability
◍ what does increased capillary hydrostatic pressure cause?.
Answer: forces fluid into tissues
◍ What is histamine?.
Answer: vasoactive amine that causes temporary rapid constriction of large
blood vessels and the dilation of postcapillary venulesswelling, edema, pain,
and redness.
◍ secretes H+ in urine and reabsorbs HCO3- in ______.
Answer: renal buffering
◍ What do ACE inhibitors do?.
Answer: decrease sodium and volume= lowers BP by inhiniting angiotensin
II which narrown vessels to raise Bp
◍ Forces favoring filtration.
Answer: Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) and interstitial
oncotic pressure (water-pulling)
◍ how does respiratory compensate?.
Answer: Increase ventilation= expire CO2 (decrease in CO2)Decrease
ventilation= retain CO2 (Increase or stay the same CO2)
◍ manifestations of water excess.
, Answer: cerebral edema, muscle twitching, nausea, weakness, headache, and
weight gain
◍ how does an inflammatory response manifest?.
Answer: redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
◍ Hypernatremia causes cells to _____.
Answer: shrink
◍ Starling forces.
Answer: forces affecting movement of fluid between cells and spaces
◍ Aldosterone.
Answer: preserves sodium in kidneys and increases plasma (blood volume
by causing bloodstream to reabsorb water from the increase Na) volume and
BP by excreting potassium in urine.(secreted by adrenal gland, can increase
the amount of Na conserved by kidneys and sent into bloodstream) can
control Bp
◍ Hyperkalemia EKG.
Answer: Peak T wavesWide QRSLoss of P waves
◍ What is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?.
Answer: Secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells and
regulate immune responses and inflammation
◍ increased plasma= ______ water or _____ sodium.
Answer: decreased; increase
◍ low pH at injection spot= anesthesia is ________.
Answer: less likely to work
◍ What are H1 receptors?.
Answer: pro inflammatorypresent in smooth muscle cells of bronchiie. hay
fever.
◍ What causes papilledema?.
Answer: often caused by increase in intracranial pressure
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ If H+ is high in number, pH is _____.
Answer: low (acidic)
◍ ketoacidosis= H+ is _____ of the cell.
Answer: inside
◍ What is active immunity?.
Answer: exposure to antigenimmunizations
◍ carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.
Answer: chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood
◍ what do mast cells contain?.
Answer: histamine, cytokines, and chemotaxic factors (stimulate cell
migration to an area)
◍ what do tumor necrosis factor-alphas do?.
Answer: induce fever by acting as an endogenous pyrogenincrease synthesis
of inflammatory serum proteinscauses muscle wasting (cachexia) and
intravascular thrombosis
◍ effects of hypercalcemia.
Answer: decreased excitabilityMany nonspecific: fatigue, weakness,
lethargy, anorexia, nausea, constipationImpaired renal function, kidney
stonesDysrhythmias, bradycardia, cardiac arrestBone pain,
osteoporosisincreased parathyroid hormone and vitamin D
◍ Effects of hypophosphatemia.
Answer: Reduced capacity for oxygen transport by red blood cells, thus
disturbed energy metabolismLeukocyte and platelet dysfunctionDeranged
nerve and muscle functionIn severe cases, irritability, confusion, numbness,
, coma, convulsions, possibly respiratory failure, cardiomyopathies, bone
resorption
◍ What is a left shift?.
Answer: increase number of immature leukocytes due to rapid production
and releasesevere enemia can be caused by inflammation because cytokines
stimulate neutrophile production from bone marrow which release mature
and immature cellsor caused by necrosis is when this occurs(mostly
signifies infection of bacterial type
◍ What does the kinin system do?.
Answer: causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction,
increases vascular permeability
◍ what does increased capillary hydrostatic pressure cause?.
Answer: forces fluid into tissues
◍ What is histamine?.
Answer: vasoactive amine that causes temporary rapid constriction of large
blood vessels and the dilation of postcapillary venulesswelling, edema, pain,
and redness.
◍ secretes H+ in urine and reabsorbs HCO3- in ______.
Answer: renal buffering
◍ What do ACE inhibitors do?.
Answer: decrease sodium and volume= lowers BP by inhiniting angiotensin
II which narrown vessels to raise Bp
◍ Forces favoring filtration.
Answer: Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) and interstitial
oncotic pressure (water-pulling)
◍ how does respiratory compensate?.
Answer: Increase ventilation= expire CO2 (decrease in CO2)Decrease
ventilation= retain CO2 (Increase or stay the same CO2)
◍ manifestations of water excess.
, Answer: cerebral edema, muscle twitching, nausea, weakness, headache, and
weight gain
◍ how does an inflammatory response manifest?.
Answer: redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
◍ Hypernatremia causes cells to _____.
Answer: shrink
◍ Starling forces.
Answer: forces affecting movement of fluid between cells and spaces
◍ Aldosterone.
Answer: preserves sodium in kidneys and increases plasma (blood volume
by causing bloodstream to reabsorb water from the increase Na) volume and
BP by excreting potassium in urine.(secreted by adrenal gland, can increase
the amount of Na conserved by kidneys and sent into bloodstream) can
control Bp
◍ Hyperkalemia EKG.
Answer: Peak T wavesWide QRSLoss of P waves
◍ What is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?.
Answer: Secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells and
regulate immune responses and inflammation
◍ increased plasma= ______ water or _____ sodium.
Answer: decreased; increase
◍ low pH at injection spot= anesthesia is ________.
Answer: less likely to work
◍ What are H1 receptors?.
Answer: pro inflammatorypresent in smooth muscle cells of bronchiie. hay
fever.
◍ What causes papilledema?.
Answer: often caused by increase in intracranial pressure
