BIO 1610 SLCC 2 FINAL TEST 2026
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ What are the 6 properties of life?.
Answer: 1. membrane delimited (membrane surrounds all cells, lipids
provide a selectively permeable barrier)2. evolving (single organism cannot
evolve alone, changes overtime)3. stores and uses energy (sunlight,
inorganic/organic compounds are converted to ATP)4. stores and follows
instructions (DNA, RNA)5. Self-replicating (outcome of previous
processes)6. Controls its function and responds to the environment
(biomolecules that facilitate this are proteins)
◍ What is the first law of thermodynamics.
Answer: Energy cannot be created or destroyed
◍ For something to be considered living, how many of these should be
satisfied?.
Answer: ALL
◍ What is the second law of thermodynamics.
Answer: No energy transformation is 100% efficient
◍ How do you determine the control of an experiment?.
Answer: All factors are held constant except for one: the independent
variable. A common type of controlled experiment compares a control group
against an experimental group. All variables are identical between the two
groups except for the factor being tested
◍ How does a control make an experiment better?.
Answer: Allows conductor to minimize the effects of other variables besides
the independent variable which increases reliability of the results.
,◍ What does gibbs free energy tell us.
Answer: gibbs free energy is energy that can do work
◍ What is Exergonic reactions.
Answer: Releasing usable energy
◍ What is Endergonic reactions.
Answer: Needing or requiring energy
◍ Hypothesis.
Answer: A testable prediction, often implied by a theoryCreates a possible
explanation for a phenomenon (ex: maybe the car battery is dead)
◍ Prediction.
Answer: proposes an if-then solution(ex: if I charge the car battery, the car
will re-start)
◍ Experimentation.
Answer: Allows experimenter to reject hypothesisREMEMBER: correlation
does not equal causation
◍ Order of scientific process.
Answer: observation > question > hypothesis > prediction > test
◍ Where are the independent and dependent variables located on a graph?.
Answer: independent: x-value, usually timedependent: y-value, depends on
independent variable
◍ What is activation energy.
Answer: energy needed to activate something
◍ What is an ensyme.
Answer: A biological catylist used to speed up chemical reactions
◍ Give all details you know + 3 examples of Prokaryotic Cells:.
Answer: Archaea and bacteria- unicellular- no nucleus- size between 0.1-5
microns - no membrane bound organelles- fast replication- hugely beneficial
for all life- some bacteria are pathogens
,◍ What does an ensyme do.
Answer: Lowers the energy needed to do a chemical reaction and speeds it
up
◍ Give all details you know + 2 examples of Eukaryotic Cells:.
Answer: Protozoa, Fungi, Plant, Animals- unicellular or multicellular-
nucleus and membrane bound organelles- size between 1-100 microns
◍ How can ensymes be controlled?.
Answer: Allosteric Regulation, gene regulation, changing shape
◍ **Write out the central dogma and include the locations of replication,
transcription, and translation:.
Answer: (replication) DNA > (transcription; goes both ways) RNA >
(translation) Protein
◍ What is allosteric regulation.
Answer: An effector binding to a allosteric site on an ensyme to START and
STOP the ensyme bonding to substrate
◍ Describe Ensyme and substrate interactions.
Answer: Ensyme connects to substrate via the ensymes active site and
creates the transition state before creating a product
◍ Define atom. Draw out an atom with protons, neutrons, and electrons and
their charges..
Answer: an atom is the smallest unit that retains all chemical properties of
an elementmade up of protons and neutrons in nucleus, with electrons in
orbitals surrounding the nucleus.
◍ element.
Answer: pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
◍ What are the characterisitics of an ensyme.
Answer: Active site, a cofactor that turns the ensyme on, ensymes are highly
specific. Their shape changes their function
◍ How are ensymes effected by pH, and temp..
, Answer: High temps, and PH destroy ensymes structure preventing binding.
◍ How are ensymes effected by substrate concentration.
Answer: As substrate increases rate of reaction increases.
◍ isotope.
Answer: Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of
neutrons, but same number of protons
◍ What is V max.
Answer: Maximum rate of reaction of ensymes to substrate
◍ What is KM.
Answer: Half of the velocity of V max. Measures the enzymes affinity for
substrate
◍ How does electronegativity change throughout the periodic table?.
Answer: increases as you move from left to right across a period and
decreases as you move downthe most electronegative elements are found on
the top right of periodic table and least electronegative are bottom left.
◍ What is affinity.
Answer: The strength a enzyme can bind to a single molecule
◍ Atomic mass.
Answer: number of protons + number of neutrons
◍ atomic number.
Answer: number of protons
◍ What properties do the vertical columns of the periodic table share?.
Answer: indicates number of electrons in outer shell
◍ What is Velocity.
Answer: The speed a enzyme can turn a substrate into a product
◍ How do enzymes speed up reactions.
Answer: by lowering their activation energy
◍ What makes an irreversible inhibitor irreversable.
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ What are the 6 properties of life?.
Answer: 1. membrane delimited (membrane surrounds all cells, lipids
provide a selectively permeable barrier)2. evolving (single organism cannot
evolve alone, changes overtime)3. stores and uses energy (sunlight,
inorganic/organic compounds are converted to ATP)4. stores and follows
instructions (DNA, RNA)5. Self-replicating (outcome of previous
processes)6. Controls its function and responds to the environment
(biomolecules that facilitate this are proteins)
◍ What is the first law of thermodynamics.
Answer: Energy cannot be created or destroyed
◍ For something to be considered living, how many of these should be
satisfied?.
Answer: ALL
◍ What is the second law of thermodynamics.
Answer: No energy transformation is 100% efficient
◍ How do you determine the control of an experiment?.
Answer: All factors are held constant except for one: the independent
variable. A common type of controlled experiment compares a control group
against an experimental group. All variables are identical between the two
groups except for the factor being tested
◍ How does a control make an experiment better?.
Answer: Allows conductor to minimize the effects of other variables besides
the independent variable which increases reliability of the results.
,◍ What does gibbs free energy tell us.
Answer: gibbs free energy is energy that can do work
◍ What is Exergonic reactions.
Answer: Releasing usable energy
◍ What is Endergonic reactions.
Answer: Needing or requiring energy
◍ Hypothesis.
Answer: A testable prediction, often implied by a theoryCreates a possible
explanation for a phenomenon (ex: maybe the car battery is dead)
◍ Prediction.
Answer: proposes an if-then solution(ex: if I charge the car battery, the car
will re-start)
◍ Experimentation.
Answer: Allows experimenter to reject hypothesisREMEMBER: correlation
does not equal causation
◍ Order of scientific process.
Answer: observation > question > hypothesis > prediction > test
◍ Where are the independent and dependent variables located on a graph?.
Answer: independent: x-value, usually timedependent: y-value, depends on
independent variable
◍ What is activation energy.
Answer: energy needed to activate something
◍ What is an ensyme.
Answer: A biological catylist used to speed up chemical reactions
◍ Give all details you know + 3 examples of Prokaryotic Cells:.
Answer: Archaea and bacteria- unicellular- no nucleus- size between 0.1-5
microns - no membrane bound organelles- fast replication- hugely beneficial
for all life- some bacteria are pathogens
,◍ What does an ensyme do.
Answer: Lowers the energy needed to do a chemical reaction and speeds it
up
◍ Give all details you know + 2 examples of Eukaryotic Cells:.
Answer: Protozoa, Fungi, Plant, Animals- unicellular or multicellular-
nucleus and membrane bound organelles- size between 1-100 microns
◍ How can ensymes be controlled?.
Answer: Allosteric Regulation, gene regulation, changing shape
◍ **Write out the central dogma and include the locations of replication,
transcription, and translation:.
Answer: (replication) DNA > (transcription; goes both ways) RNA >
(translation) Protein
◍ What is allosteric regulation.
Answer: An effector binding to a allosteric site on an ensyme to START and
STOP the ensyme bonding to substrate
◍ Describe Ensyme and substrate interactions.
Answer: Ensyme connects to substrate via the ensymes active site and
creates the transition state before creating a product
◍ Define atom. Draw out an atom with protons, neutrons, and electrons and
their charges..
Answer: an atom is the smallest unit that retains all chemical properties of
an elementmade up of protons and neutrons in nucleus, with electrons in
orbitals surrounding the nucleus.
◍ element.
Answer: pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
◍ What are the characterisitics of an ensyme.
Answer: Active site, a cofactor that turns the ensyme on, ensymes are highly
specific. Their shape changes their function
◍ How are ensymes effected by pH, and temp..
, Answer: High temps, and PH destroy ensymes structure preventing binding.
◍ How are ensymes effected by substrate concentration.
Answer: As substrate increases rate of reaction increases.
◍ isotope.
Answer: Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of
neutrons, but same number of protons
◍ What is V max.
Answer: Maximum rate of reaction of ensymes to substrate
◍ What is KM.
Answer: Half of the velocity of V max. Measures the enzymes affinity for
substrate
◍ How does electronegativity change throughout the periodic table?.
Answer: increases as you move from left to right across a period and
decreases as you move downthe most electronegative elements are found on
the top right of periodic table and least electronegative are bottom left.
◍ What is affinity.
Answer: The strength a enzyme can bind to a single molecule
◍ Atomic mass.
Answer: number of protons + number of neutrons
◍ atomic number.
Answer: number of protons
◍ What properties do the vertical columns of the periodic table share?.
Answer: indicates number of electrons in outer shell
◍ What is Velocity.
Answer: The speed a enzyme can turn a substrate into a product
◍ How do enzymes speed up reactions.
Answer: by lowering their activation energy
◍ What makes an irreversible inhibitor irreversable.
