BIO 2301 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - 1
(CSCC - SU18) ACTUAL EXAM PAPER
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ Homeostasis.
Answer: The body's ability to maintain internal stability, even in the face of
external change
◍ Components of a homeostatic mechanism.
Answer: - Control center: usually found in the hypothalamus of the brain,
contains the "set point" for the variable, receives info from the receptors and
sends instructions to effectors- Receptors: detect or sense the variable and
send that info to the control center- Effectors: receive instructions from the
control center and carry them out to get the variable back to normal
◍ Examples of homeostatic mechanisms.
Answer: - The maintenance of body temperature- Blood glucose levels-
Blood sodium levels- Blood pressure
◍ Negative feedback.
Answer: - When a change in the variable occurs, the body responds by
causing a change in the opposite direction - The main way that homeostatic
mechanisms work
◍ Define the body movement involved in elevation and depression..
Answer: Elevation - upward movement of a structure.Depression -
downward movement of a structure.
◍ Name the anatomical pair of terms that best describe the directions of the
red arrows in the figure below. (Note that two responses are needed for full
, credit).
Answer: Anterior-Posterior
◍ Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. 1.) The
thoracic cavity contains the lungs and stomach. 2.) The abdominal cavity
houses the spleen and liver..
Answer: 1. False.2. True.
◍ Positive feedback.
Answer: - When a change in the variable occurs, the body responds by
causing more of a change in the same direction - Rarely used in the body-
Examples: blood clotting, oxytocin release during child birth, and milk
release
◍ Structure of the plasma membrane.
Answer: - Semi-permeable, phospholipid bilayer - Regulates passage of
substances into and out of the cell- Principal components: lipids, proteins,
carbohydrates
◍ Name the planes of the body shown in Figures A and B below..
Answer: A. Transverse Plane B. Sagittal Plane
◍ Phospholipids in the plasma membrane.
Answer: - Hydrophilic head- Hydrophobic tail - Arranged in a double layer
(bilayer) with the heads surrounded by fluid and the tails kept from the
water
◍ Each of the following statements is true of prokaryotic cells, except:a.
Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells.b. DNA of a
prokaryotic cell is enclosed in a nuclear membrane.c. Prokaryotic cells
contain plasma membranes and ribosomes.d. Prokaryotic cells do not
contain lysosomes and Golgi apparatus..
Answer: DNA of a prokaryotic cell is enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
◍ True or False; if false, make the statement true:Lysosomes convert chemical
energy found in food into AT
P. .
, Answer: False. Mitochondria convert chemical energy found in food into
ATP.
◍ Name the two structures (A and B) found inside the cell below..
Answer: A. Ribosomes (free) B. Microtubules or Cytoskeleton
◍ Cholesterol in the cell membrane.
Answer: - Hydrophobic so found in the tail- Maintains the consistency of the
cell membrane - Strengthens it by preventing smell molecules from crossing
- Keeps the phospholipid tails from coming into contact and solidifying it to
ensure the hydrophobic tail stays fluid and flexible
◍ Which of the following is NOT true of microtubules?a. They are a type of
cytoskeleton.b. They are involved in the structure of cilia and flagella.c.
They are free moving throughout the cell. d.They are hollow cylinders.
Answer: They are free moving throughout the cell.
◍ Fill in the blank: _______ is the process of small molecules moving from an
area of higher concentration on one side of the cellular membrane to an area
of lower concentration on the other side..
Answer: Diffusion.
◍ Proteins in the cell membrane.
Answer: - Function as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions- Act as
receptors for specific molecules or transport materials across the cell
membrane - Integral proteins are located within the lipid bilater- Peripheral
proteins are located outside the lipid bilayer
◍ Match each term with the correct definition concerning water solutionsin
cells.a. Osmosis b. Isotonic c. Hypertonic d. Hypotonic 1. solute particles
outside the cell 2. refers to an equal amount 3. the solution contains
molecules inside the cell4. the diffusion of water.
Answer: Osmosis- 4Isotonic -2Hypertonic- 3Hypotonic- 1
◍ Are the following statements true or false concerning the sodium potassium
pump in cell membranes?1. It requires active transport. 2. Ions, because of
their polar nature, do not require carrier proteins tocross the membrane. 3.
(CSCC - SU18) ACTUAL EXAM PAPER
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ Homeostasis.
Answer: The body's ability to maintain internal stability, even in the face of
external change
◍ Components of a homeostatic mechanism.
Answer: - Control center: usually found in the hypothalamus of the brain,
contains the "set point" for the variable, receives info from the receptors and
sends instructions to effectors- Receptors: detect or sense the variable and
send that info to the control center- Effectors: receive instructions from the
control center and carry them out to get the variable back to normal
◍ Examples of homeostatic mechanisms.
Answer: - The maintenance of body temperature- Blood glucose levels-
Blood sodium levels- Blood pressure
◍ Negative feedback.
Answer: - When a change in the variable occurs, the body responds by
causing a change in the opposite direction - The main way that homeostatic
mechanisms work
◍ Define the body movement involved in elevation and depression..
Answer: Elevation - upward movement of a structure.Depression -
downward movement of a structure.
◍ Name the anatomical pair of terms that best describe the directions of the
red arrows in the figure below. (Note that two responses are needed for full
, credit).
Answer: Anterior-Posterior
◍ Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. 1.) The
thoracic cavity contains the lungs and stomach. 2.) The abdominal cavity
houses the spleen and liver..
Answer: 1. False.2. True.
◍ Positive feedback.
Answer: - When a change in the variable occurs, the body responds by
causing more of a change in the same direction - Rarely used in the body-
Examples: blood clotting, oxytocin release during child birth, and milk
release
◍ Structure of the plasma membrane.
Answer: - Semi-permeable, phospholipid bilayer - Regulates passage of
substances into and out of the cell- Principal components: lipids, proteins,
carbohydrates
◍ Name the planes of the body shown in Figures A and B below..
Answer: A. Transverse Plane B. Sagittal Plane
◍ Phospholipids in the plasma membrane.
Answer: - Hydrophilic head- Hydrophobic tail - Arranged in a double layer
(bilayer) with the heads surrounded by fluid and the tails kept from the
water
◍ Each of the following statements is true of prokaryotic cells, except:a.
Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells.b. DNA of a
prokaryotic cell is enclosed in a nuclear membrane.c. Prokaryotic cells
contain plasma membranes and ribosomes.d. Prokaryotic cells do not
contain lysosomes and Golgi apparatus..
Answer: DNA of a prokaryotic cell is enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
◍ True or False; if false, make the statement true:Lysosomes convert chemical
energy found in food into AT
P. .
, Answer: False. Mitochondria convert chemical energy found in food into
ATP.
◍ Name the two structures (A and B) found inside the cell below..
Answer: A. Ribosomes (free) B. Microtubules or Cytoskeleton
◍ Cholesterol in the cell membrane.
Answer: - Hydrophobic so found in the tail- Maintains the consistency of the
cell membrane - Strengthens it by preventing smell molecules from crossing
- Keeps the phospholipid tails from coming into contact and solidifying it to
ensure the hydrophobic tail stays fluid and flexible
◍ Which of the following is NOT true of microtubules?a. They are a type of
cytoskeleton.b. They are involved in the structure of cilia and flagella.c.
They are free moving throughout the cell. d.They are hollow cylinders.
Answer: They are free moving throughout the cell.
◍ Fill in the blank: _______ is the process of small molecules moving from an
area of higher concentration on one side of the cellular membrane to an area
of lower concentration on the other side..
Answer: Diffusion.
◍ Proteins in the cell membrane.
Answer: - Function as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions- Act as
receptors for specific molecules or transport materials across the cell
membrane - Integral proteins are located within the lipid bilater- Peripheral
proteins are located outside the lipid bilayer
◍ Match each term with the correct definition concerning water solutionsin
cells.a. Osmosis b. Isotonic c. Hypertonic d. Hypotonic 1. solute particles
outside the cell 2. refers to an equal amount 3. the solution contains
molecules inside the cell4. the diffusion of water.
Answer: Osmosis- 4Isotonic -2Hypertonic- 3Hypotonic- 1
◍ Are the following statements true or false concerning the sodium potassium
pump in cell membranes?1. It requires active transport. 2. Ions, because of
their polar nature, do not require carrier proteins tocross the membrane. 3.
