BIO 2301 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - 1
(CSCC - SU18) FINAL TEST 2026
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Superior.
Answer: toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
◍ Diffusion.
Answer: Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
◍ Inferior.
Answer: away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or
the body; below
◍ Ventral (anterior).
Answer: toward or at the front of the body; in front of
◍ Concentration Gradient.
Answer: A greater concentration gradient results in a faster rate of diffusion.
◍ Dorsal (posterior).
Answer: Toward or at the back of the body; behind
◍ Facilitated Diffusion.
Answer: Requires carrier proteins; the rate of diffusion increases with the
number of carriers until transport maximum (saturation) is reached.
◍ Osmosis.
Answer: Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from
an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute
, concentration.
◍ Medial.
Answer: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
◍ Osmolarity.
Answer: Measure of total solute concentration in a solution.
◍ Lateral.
Answer: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
◍ Intermediate.
Answer: between a more medial and a more lateral structure
◍ Proximal.
Answer: closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a
limb to the body trunk
◍ Osmolarity Calculation Formula.
Answer: Number of solute particles in solution x Molarity.
◍ 0.2 M NH4Cl Osmolarity Calculation.
Answer: 2 solute particles x 0.2 M NH4Cl = 0.40 Osm.
◍ 0.5 M Glucose Osmolarity Calculation.
Answer: 1 solute particle x 0.5 M glucose = 0.5 Osm.
◍ Distal.
Answer: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a
limb to the body trunk
◍ Superficial.
Answer: toward or at the body surface
◍ Deep (internal).
Answer: away from the body surface; more internal
◍ Human RBC Osmolarity.
Answer: ≈ 0.30 Osm (300 mOsm).
, ◍ Anatomical Position.
Answer: erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head
facing forward, internationally know
◍ Tonicity.
Answer: Measure of the concentration of non-penetrating solutes in a
solution and is defined by the effect a solution has on a cell.
◍ Directional Terms.
Answer: allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to
another
◍ Regional Terms.
Answer: used to designate specific areas within major body divisions
◍ Isotonic Solution.
Answer: A solution with the same concentration (=0.3 Osm) of
non-penetrating solutes as the inside of a cell, causing no net movement of
water.
◍ Hypertonic Solution.
Answer: A solution with a higher concentration (>0.3 Osm) of
non-penetrating solutes than inside the cell, causing water to move out of the
cell, leading to cell crenation.
◍ Hypotonic Solution.
Answer: A solution with a lower concentration (<0.3 Osm) of
non-penetrating solutes than inside the cell, causing water to move into the
cell, leading to cell lysis.
◍ Penetrating Solutes.
Answer: Do not contribute to tonicity; solutions only containing penetrating
particles are always hypotonic.
◍ Sagittal.
Answer: a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
◍ Median Plane (midsagittal plane).
(CSCC - SU18) FINAL TEST 2026
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Superior.
Answer: toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
◍ Diffusion.
Answer: Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
◍ Inferior.
Answer: away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or
the body; below
◍ Ventral (anterior).
Answer: toward or at the front of the body; in front of
◍ Concentration Gradient.
Answer: A greater concentration gradient results in a faster rate of diffusion.
◍ Dorsal (posterior).
Answer: Toward or at the back of the body; behind
◍ Facilitated Diffusion.
Answer: Requires carrier proteins; the rate of diffusion increases with the
number of carriers until transport maximum (saturation) is reached.
◍ Osmosis.
Answer: Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from
an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute
, concentration.
◍ Medial.
Answer: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
◍ Osmolarity.
Answer: Measure of total solute concentration in a solution.
◍ Lateral.
Answer: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
◍ Intermediate.
Answer: between a more medial and a more lateral structure
◍ Proximal.
Answer: closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a
limb to the body trunk
◍ Osmolarity Calculation Formula.
Answer: Number of solute particles in solution x Molarity.
◍ 0.2 M NH4Cl Osmolarity Calculation.
Answer: 2 solute particles x 0.2 M NH4Cl = 0.40 Osm.
◍ 0.5 M Glucose Osmolarity Calculation.
Answer: 1 solute particle x 0.5 M glucose = 0.5 Osm.
◍ Distal.
Answer: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a
limb to the body trunk
◍ Superficial.
Answer: toward or at the body surface
◍ Deep (internal).
Answer: away from the body surface; more internal
◍ Human RBC Osmolarity.
Answer: ≈ 0.30 Osm (300 mOsm).
, ◍ Anatomical Position.
Answer: erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head
facing forward, internationally know
◍ Tonicity.
Answer: Measure of the concentration of non-penetrating solutes in a
solution and is defined by the effect a solution has on a cell.
◍ Directional Terms.
Answer: allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to
another
◍ Regional Terms.
Answer: used to designate specific areas within major body divisions
◍ Isotonic Solution.
Answer: A solution with the same concentration (=0.3 Osm) of
non-penetrating solutes as the inside of a cell, causing no net movement of
water.
◍ Hypertonic Solution.
Answer: A solution with a higher concentration (>0.3 Osm) of
non-penetrating solutes than inside the cell, causing water to move out of the
cell, leading to cell crenation.
◍ Hypotonic Solution.
Answer: A solution with a lower concentration (<0.3 Osm) of
non-penetrating solutes than inside the cell, causing water to move into the
cell, leading to cell lysis.
◍ Penetrating Solutes.
Answer: Do not contribute to tonicity; solutions only containing penetrating
particles are always hypotonic.
◍ Sagittal.
Answer: a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
◍ Median Plane (midsagittal plane).
