BIO 116 EXAM 3 COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
SHEET VERIFIED QUESTION BANK
●● sclerenchyma
Answer: specialized dead plant cells that can't elongate or divide
they possess thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin and thus are
much more rigid than parenchyma or collenchyma cells
their function is to support the plant (fibers), although some are involved
in transportation (xylem)
●● What's the big difference between the cells that make up the phloem
and those that make up the xylem?
Answer: phloem cells are alive
xylem cells are dead
●● What are some examples of schlerenchyma cells?
Answer: in xylem: vessel elements and tracheids
fibers: long, slender and tapered; usually occur in groups
sclereids
●● tracheid
Answer: a type of water-conducting cell in the xylem that lacks
perforations in the cell wall
,●● sclereids
Answer: a reduced form of sclerenchyma cells with highly thickened,
lignified cellular walls that form small bundles of durable layers of
tissue in most plants
they are short and irregular in shape
Ex: nutshells, seed coats, gritty texture to pear fruits
●● summary of organs, tissues and cell
Answer: in a vascular plant, there's three types of organs: leaf, stem, and
root
each organ has three tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground
dermal tissue is only composed of parenchyma cells
vascular and ground tissue are composed of all three types of cells
●● apical growth
Answer: plants cannot grow by adding new cells to their middle; they
have to add cells either to their top (the tip(s) of their stem and/or
branches) or their bottom (the tips of their roots)
if a stem or branch already has a flower on the end, that means no more
cells can be added to the end of the stem or branch
●● meristem
Answer: cells that continuously differentiate into different cell types
,they are perpetually embryonic
distributed on the tips of the growing parts of a plant: stem(s), branches,
roots
some remain in the meristematic region while others become specialized
and incorporated with other tissues (development)
●● shoot apical meristem
Answer: SAM
layers of meristem cells found on the very tips of shoots
responsible for upward growth of plant caused by cell division
also produce leaf primordia
●● root apical meristem
Answer: RAM
layers of meristem cells found on the very tips of roots
responsible for downward growth of plant caused by cell division
outermost layers of RAM cells divide to produce tougher cells that
protect the RAM cells while the inner layers of RAM cells divide to
elongate the root
●● indeterminate growth
Answer: plants grow for as long as they live
, ●● determinate growth
Answer: some plant organs, such as leaves and flowers, exhibit
determinate growth; they stop growing at a certain size or age
●● annual
Answer: life cycle occurs over the period of one year
●● biennial
Answer: life cycle occurs over the period of two years
●● perennial
Answer: life cycle occurs over the period of multiple years
●● root cap
Answer: the tough cells produced by the RAM cells on the tip of a root
these tough cells protect the RAM cells from being worn away to
nothing by the root penetrating the possibly tough soil
●● apical meristems
Answer: these are the primary meristems
located at the tips of roots (RAM) and in the buds of shoots (SAM), they
supply cells for the plant to grow in height/length
give rise to the primary axis of the plant body
SHEET VERIFIED QUESTION BANK
●● sclerenchyma
Answer: specialized dead plant cells that can't elongate or divide
they possess thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin and thus are
much more rigid than parenchyma or collenchyma cells
their function is to support the plant (fibers), although some are involved
in transportation (xylem)
●● What's the big difference between the cells that make up the phloem
and those that make up the xylem?
Answer: phloem cells are alive
xylem cells are dead
●● What are some examples of schlerenchyma cells?
Answer: in xylem: vessel elements and tracheids
fibers: long, slender and tapered; usually occur in groups
sclereids
●● tracheid
Answer: a type of water-conducting cell in the xylem that lacks
perforations in the cell wall
,●● sclereids
Answer: a reduced form of sclerenchyma cells with highly thickened,
lignified cellular walls that form small bundles of durable layers of
tissue in most plants
they are short and irregular in shape
Ex: nutshells, seed coats, gritty texture to pear fruits
●● summary of organs, tissues and cell
Answer: in a vascular plant, there's three types of organs: leaf, stem, and
root
each organ has three tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground
dermal tissue is only composed of parenchyma cells
vascular and ground tissue are composed of all three types of cells
●● apical growth
Answer: plants cannot grow by adding new cells to their middle; they
have to add cells either to their top (the tip(s) of their stem and/or
branches) or their bottom (the tips of their roots)
if a stem or branch already has a flower on the end, that means no more
cells can be added to the end of the stem or branch
●● meristem
Answer: cells that continuously differentiate into different cell types
,they are perpetually embryonic
distributed on the tips of the growing parts of a plant: stem(s), branches,
roots
some remain in the meristematic region while others become specialized
and incorporated with other tissues (development)
●● shoot apical meristem
Answer: SAM
layers of meristem cells found on the very tips of shoots
responsible for upward growth of plant caused by cell division
also produce leaf primordia
●● root apical meristem
Answer: RAM
layers of meristem cells found on the very tips of roots
responsible for downward growth of plant caused by cell division
outermost layers of RAM cells divide to produce tougher cells that
protect the RAM cells while the inner layers of RAM cells divide to
elongate the root
●● indeterminate growth
Answer: plants grow for as long as they live
, ●● determinate growth
Answer: some plant organs, such as leaves and flowers, exhibit
determinate growth; they stop growing at a certain size or age
●● annual
Answer: life cycle occurs over the period of one year
●● biennial
Answer: life cycle occurs over the period of two years
●● perennial
Answer: life cycle occurs over the period of multiple years
●● root cap
Answer: the tough cells produced by the RAM cells on the tip of a root
these tough cells protect the RAM cells from being worn away to
nothing by the root penetrating the possibly tough soil
●● apical meristems
Answer: these are the primary meristems
located at the tips of roots (RAM) and in the buds of shoots (SAM), they
supply cells for the plant to grow in height/length
give rise to the primary axis of the plant body
