BIO 151 FINAL EXAM 2026 INTRODUCTORY
BIOLOGY TEST PAPER QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ Proton.
Answer: Positive charge, located in the nucleus.
◉ Neutron.
Answer: No charge, located in the nucleus.
◉ Electron.
Answer: Negative charge, orbits the nucleus.
◉ Isotopes.
Answer: Variants of an element with the same number of protons
but different numbers of neutrons.
◉ Element.
Answer: Elements are made of only one type of atom.
◉ Organic Molecules.
,Answer: Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen.
◉ Molecule.
Answer: Two or more atoms bonded (e.g., O₂).
◉ Compound.
Answer: Molecule made of different elements (e.g., H₂O).
◉ Covalent Bonds.
Answer: Atoms share electrons.
◉ Strength of Covalent Bonds.
Answer: Strongest type of bond in biological systems.
◉ Single Bond.
Answer: Example: H-H.
◉ Double Bond.
Answer: Example: O=O.
◉ Triple Bond.
Answer: Example: N≡N.
,◉ Polar Covalent Bond.
Answer: Unequal sharing due to electronegativity (e.g., H₂O).
◉ Nonpolar Covalent Bond.
Answer: Equal sharing (e.g., O₂).
◉ Hydrogen Bonds.
Answer: Weak attraction between partially charged regions of polar
molecules.
◉ Strength of Hydrogen Bonds.
Answer: Weaker than covalent bonds.
◉ Ionic Bonds.
Answer: Electron transfer from one atom to another.
◉ Strength of Ionic Bonds.
Answer: Strong in dry environments, weak in aqueous solution.
◉ Van der Waals Forces.
Answer: Weak, transient attractions due to electron movement.
, ◉ Hydrophilic.
Answer: Water-attracting (polar molecules).
◉ Hydrophobic.
Answer: Water-repelling (nonpolar).
◉ Amphipathic.
Answer: Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions (e.g.,
phospholipids).
◉ Micelles.
Answer: Spherical arrangements of amphipathic molecules in water.
◉ Hydrocarbons.
Answer: Molecules made only of carbon and hydrogen.
◉ pH.
Answer: Measure of hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration.
◉ Acids.
Answer: Release H⁺; pH < 7.
BIOLOGY TEST PAPER QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ Proton.
Answer: Positive charge, located in the nucleus.
◉ Neutron.
Answer: No charge, located in the nucleus.
◉ Electron.
Answer: Negative charge, orbits the nucleus.
◉ Isotopes.
Answer: Variants of an element with the same number of protons
but different numbers of neutrons.
◉ Element.
Answer: Elements are made of only one type of atom.
◉ Organic Molecules.
,Answer: Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen.
◉ Molecule.
Answer: Two or more atoms bonded (e.g., O₂).
◉ Compound.
Answer: Molecule made of different elements (e.g., H₂O).
◉ Covalent Bonds.
Answer: Atoms share electrons.
◉ Strength of Covalent Bonds.
Answer: Strongest type of bond in biological systems.
◉ Single Bond.
Answer: Example: H-H.
◉ Double Bond.
Answer: Example: O=O.
◉ Triple Bond.
Answer: Example: N≡N.
,◉ Polar Covalent Bond.
Answer: Unequal sharing due to electronegativity (e.g., H₂O).
◉ Nonpolar Covalent Bond.
Answer: Equal sharing (e.g., O₂).
◉ Hydrogen Bonds.
Answer: Weak attraction between partially charged regions of polar
molecules.
◉ Strength of Hydrogen Bonds.
Answer: Weaker than covalent bonds.
◉ Ionic Bonds.
Answer: Electron transfer from one atom to another.
◉ Strength of Ionic Bonds.
Answer: Strong in dry environments, weak in aqueous solution.
◉ Van der Waals Forces.
Answer: Weak, transient attractions due to electron movement.
, ◉ Hydrophilic.
Answer: Water-attracting (polar molecules).
◉ Hydrophobic.
Answer: Water-repelling (nonpolar).
◉ Amphipathic.
Answer: Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions (e.g.,
phospholipids).
◉ Micelles.
Answer: Spherical arrangements of amphipathic molecules in water.
◉ Hydrocarbons.
Answer: Molecules made only of carbon and hydrogen.
◉ pH.
Answer: Measure of hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration.
◉ Acids.
Answer: Release H⁺; pH < 7.
