BIO 151 FINAL EXAM 2026 MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY DRILL PACK ANSWER SHEET
◉ Hierarchical organization of living systems.
Answer: atom<molecule<organelle<cell<tissue<organ<organ
system<organism<population<community<ecosystem<biosphere
◉ cell Theory.
Answer: scientific theory which describes the properties of cells.
These cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also
the basic unit of reproduction.
◉ molecular basis of heredity.
Answer: In all organisms, the instructions for the characteristics of
the organism are carried in DNA, a large molecule. Each DNA
molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome.
Most of the cells in a human contain two copies of each of 22
different chromosomes (one copy from your mother, and one copy
from your father). An additional pair of chromosomes determines
the sex, male or female.
Changes in DNA (mutations) occur spontaneously at low rates. Some
changes make no difference to the organism, and other can change
the organism.
,◉ relationship between structure and function.
Answer: A cell's structure can be simple or complex depending on
the function of the cell. Each cell has a structure that has evolved to
allow the cell to perform its function effectively
◉ Evolution gives rise to diversity.
Answer:
◉ Living systems use energy to exist in non-equilibrium states.
Answer:
◉ matter.
Answer: anything that has mass and takes up space
◉ Element.
Answer: A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means
◉ Atoms.
Answer: Protons: subatomic particle with a positive electric charge
Neutrons: subatomic particle with no charge
Electrons: subatomic particle with a negative charge
,Energy levels in atoms:
◉ Cations.
Answer: positively charged ion
◉ Anions.
Answer: negatively charged ion
◉ Redox reactions.
Answer: oxidation:
~ The term given to species that have lost electrons
~ Increase in oxidation number
Reduction:
~ The term given to species that have gained electrons
~ Decrease in oxidation number
◉ valence electrons.
Answer: electrons in the outer shell of an atom
◉ Octet rule.
Answer: chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms
of main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each
, atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same
electronic configuration as a noble gas.
◉ chemical Bonds.
Answer: lasting attraction between atoms that enables the
formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the
electrostatic force of attraction between atoms with opposite
charges, or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds.
◉ ionic Bonds.
Answer: the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms
and is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely
charged ions. It is observed because metals with few electrons in its
outer-most orbital.
◉ Non-Polar covalent bonds.
Answer: are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair
of electrons with each other.
◉ Polar covalent Bonds.
Answer: a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is
unequally shared between two atoms.
◉ Hydrogen bonds.
BIOLOGY DRILL PACK ANSWER SHEET
◉ Hierarchical organization of living systems.
Answer: atom<molecule<organelle<cell<tissue<organ<organ
system<organism<population<community<ecosystem<biosphere
◉ cell Theory.
Answer: scientific theory which describes the properties of cells.
These cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also
the basic unit of reproduction.
◉ molecular basis of heredity.
Answer: In all organisms, the instructions for the characteristics of
the organism are carried in DNA, a large molecule. Each DNA
molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome.
Most of the cells in a human contain two copies of each of 22
different chromosomes (one copy from your mother, and one copy
from your father). An additional pair of chromosomes determines
the sex, male or female.
Changes in DNA (mutations) occur spontaneously at low rates. Some
changes make no difference to the organism, and other can change
the organism.
,◉ relationship between structure and function.
Answer: A cell's structure can be simple or complex depending on
the function of the cell. Each cell has a structure that has evolved to
allow the cell to perform its function effectively
◉ Evolution gives rise to diversity.
Answer:
◉ Living systems use energy to exist in non-equilibrium states.
Answer:
◉ matter.
Answer: anything that has mass and takes up space
◉ Element.
Answer: A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means
◉ Atoms.
Answer: Protons: subatomic particle with a positive electric charge
Neutrons: subatomic particle with no charge
Electrons: subatomic particle with a negative charge
,Energy levels in atoms:
◉ Cations.
Answer: positively charged ion
◉ Anions.
Answer: negatively charged ion
◉ Redox reactions.
Answer: oxidation:
~ The term given to species that have lost electrons
~ Increase in oxidation number
Reduction:
~ The term given to species that have gained electrons
~ Decrease in oxidation number
◉ valence electrons.
Answer: electrons in the outer shell of an atom
◉ Octet rule.
Answer: chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms
of main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each
, atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same
electronic configuration as a noble gas.
◉ chemical Bonds.
Answer: lasting attraction between atoms that enables the
formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the
electrostatic force of attraction between atoms with opposite
charges, or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds.
◉ ionic Bonds.
Answer: the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms
and is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely
charged ions. It is observed because metals with few electrons in its
outer-most orbital.
◉ Non-Polar covalent bonds.
Answer: are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair
of electrons with each other.
◉ Polar covalent Bonds.
Answer: a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is
unequally shared between two atoms.
◉ Hydrogen bonds.
