BIO 152 MODULE 5 2026 ACTUAL PAPER FULL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100 PERCENT
CORRECT
◉ Asexual reproduction advantages. Answer: Energy-efficient,
required only one parent, no courtship required.
◉ Asexual reproduction disadvantages. Answer: Low genetic
diversity, more prone to environmental change, inhibits adaption.
◉ Sexual reproduction advantages. Answer: High genetic diversity,
less prone to environmental change, facilitates adaptations.
◉ Sexual reproduction disadvantages. Answer: Energy costly,
required two parents, courtship is time and resource communing.
◉ Internal fertilisation advantages. Answer: Fertilisation more likely
to occur, embryo protected from predators, offspring more likely to
survive.
◉ Internal fertilisation disadvantages. Answer: Higher energy
requirement to find mate, less offspring produced, more energy
required to raise and care for young.
,◉ External fertilisation advantages. Answer: Little energy required
to mate, larger numbers of offspring produced, offspring can be
spread widely; less competition.
◉ External fertilisation disadvantages. Answer: Many gametes go
unfertilised, offspring often not protected by parent; may die.
◉ Bacteria (asexual reproduction). Answer: Unicellular prokaryotic
microorganisms produce asexually; binary fission.
◉ Binary fission in bacteria: the steps. Answer: First cells elongate
by building more cell wall, then the bacterial genome replicates and
remains attached to the membrane. At the same time, any plasmids
(small circular DNA) present replicate. Afterwards, they duplicated
DNA begins to separate, moving towards the poles as the cell
elongates and then cleavage furrow begins to form and cell wall
form in cleavage furrow. Two identical daughter cells are produced.
◉ Ways bacteria incorporates variation into genome. Answer:
Conjugation, transformation, transduction.
◉ Conjugation. Answer: Direct transfer of DNA from one bacterial
cell to another.
,◉ Transformation. Answer: Nacked DNA is taken up from the
environment by bacterial cells.
◉ Transduction. Answer: The use of bacteriophage to transfer DNA
between cells.
◉ Fungi (primarily asexual reproduction). Answer: Eukaryotic,
unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic.
Hyphae are the basic structural unit at fungi
Above ground = fruiting body
Below ground = mycelium
Reproduction methods; fragmentation, budding, spores.
They can produce spores sexually in response to adverse
environmental conditions; homothallic or heterothallic.
◉ Protists (both asexual and sexual reproduction). Answer:
Eukaryotic organisms which are neither true plants, animals or
fungi.
Asexual reproductions methods: binary fission, multiple fission,
budding.
, Sexually reproducing protists; syngamy and conjugation.
◉ Transgenesis. Answer: The process by which a gene is removed
from one species and inserted into the genome of another species; it
increases the genetic variation within a population.
◉ Transgenesis - advantages. Answer: Guaranteed to express
desired traits, increased yield and nutritional value, reduce the use
of harmful chemicals.
◉ Transgenesis - disadvantages. Answer: Offspring genetically
identical - disease susceptibility, 'escape' of GMO into the wild
population, trade issue with non-GMO countries, long term effects
on human health are unknown.
◉ Transgenesis in animals. Answer: GM Atlantic salmon have two
genes from other species into their genome; these genes allow for
the GM Atlantic salmon to grow all year round and grow 11 times
faster than the average one.
◉ Transgenesis in plants. Answer: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a
bacteria species that produces a protein that is toxic to selective
insect pests. This gene is isolated and inserted into cotton plants to
produce a species called Bt cotton. The plant produces a 'natural'
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100 PERCENT
CORRECT
◉ Asexual reproduction advantages. Answer: Energy-efficient,
required only one parent, no courtship required.
◉ Asexual reproduction disadvantages. Answer: Low genetic
diversity, more prone to environmental change, inhibits adaption.
◉ Sexual reproduction advantages. Answer: High genetic diversity,
less prone to environmental change, facilitates adaptations.
◉ Sexual reproduction disadvantages. Answer: Energy costly,
required two parents, courtship is time and resource communing.
◉ Internal fertilisation advantages. Answer: Fertilisation more likely
to occur, embryo protected from predators, offspring more likely to
survive.
◉ Internal fertilisation disadvantages. Answer: Higher energy
requirement to find mate, less offspring produced, more energy
required to raise and care for young.
,◉ External fertilisation advantages. Answer: Little energy required
to mate, larger numbers of offspring produced, offspring can be
spread widely; less competition.
◉ External fertilisation disadvantages. Answer: Many gametes go
unfertilised, offspring often not protected by parent; may die.
◉ Bacteria (asexual reproduction). Answer: Unicellular prokaryotic
microorganisms produce asexually; binary fission.
◉ Binary fission in bacteria: the steps. Answer: First cells elongate
by building more cell wall, then the bacterial genome replicates and
remains attached to the membrane. At the same time, any plasmids
(small circular DNA) present replicate. Afterwards, they duplicated
DNA begins to separate, moving towards the poles as the cell
elongates and then cleavage furrow begins to form and cell wall
form in cleavage furrow. Two identical daughter cells are produced.
◉ Ways bacteria incorporates variation into genome. Answer:
Conjugation, transformation, transduction.
◉ Conjugation. Answer: Direct transfer of DNA from one bacterial
cell to another.
,◉ Transformation. Answer: Nacked DNA is taken up from the
environment by bacterial cells.
◉ Transduction. Answer: The use of bacteriophage to transfer DNA
between cells.
◉ Fungi (primarily asexual reproduction). Answer: Eukaryotic,
unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic.
Hyphae are the basic structural unit at fungi
Above ground = fruiting body
Below ground = mycelium
Reproduction methods; fragmentation, budding, spores.
They can produce spores sexually in response to adverse
environmental conditions; homothallic or heterothallic.
◉ Protists (both asexual and sexual reproduction). Answer:
Eukaryotic organisms which are neither true plants, animals or
fungi.
Asexual reproductions methods: binary fission, multiple fission,
budding.
, Sexually reproducing protists; syngamy and conjugation.
◉ Transgenesis. Answer: The process by which a gene is removed
from one species and inserted into the genome of another species; it
increases the genetic variation within a population.
◉ Transgenesis - advantages. Answer: Guaranteed to express
desired traits, increased yield and nutritional value, reduce the use
of harmful chemicals.
◉ Transgenesis - disadvantages. Answer: Offspring genetically
identical - disease susceptibility, 'escape' of GMO into the wild
population, trade issue with non-GMO countries, long term effects
on human health are unknown.
◉ Transgenesis in animals. Answer: GM Atlantic salmon have two
genes from other species into their genome; these genes allow for
the GM Atlantic salmon to grow all year round and grow 11 times
faster than the average one.
◉ Transgenesis in plants. Answer: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a
bacteria species that produces a protein that is toxic to selective
insect pests. This gene is isolated and inserted into cotton plants to
produce a species called Bt cotton. The plant produces a 'natural'
