BIO 152 MODULE FINAL STUDY GUIDE
2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Ventilation. Answer: movement of air into and out of the lungs
⩥ Gas exchange. Answer: the diffusion of O2 and CO2 between air or
water and the blood at the respiratory surface
⩥ Circulation. Answer: Transport of gas to/from body cells
⩥ formula for cellular respiration. Answer: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6CO2 +
6H20 + ENERGY (ATP)
⩥ 4 steps of cellular respiration. Answer: 1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate processing
3. Citric acid cycle
4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis
⩥ Reduction. Answer: gain of electrons
loose O gain H
⩥ Oxidation. Answer: loss of electrons
,gain O Loose H
⩥ Glycolysis. Answer: first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in
which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic
acid
aerobic and anaerobic processing of making ATP
⩥ Pyruvate Oxidation. Answer: 2nd step in cellular respiration occurs on
the way to the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is oxidized into 1 CO2, 1
NADH, 1 acetyl-COA (2 carbons attached to coenzyme A)
⩥ Citric Acid Cycle. Answer: Completes the breakdown of glucose by
oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.
ATP, NADH, FADH2 produced
⩥ oxidative phosphorylation. Answer: The production of ATP using
energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain;
the third major stage of cellular respiration
electrons move down the chain releasing energy and pumping protons
out of gradiant
⩥ substrate-level phosphorylation. Answer: The enzyme-catalyzed
formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from
an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
, ⩥ Krebs cycle. Answer: pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide
in a series of energy-extracting reactions
⩥ Carbohydrates. Answer: Broken down to simple sugars
⩥ Fats. Answer: broken to glycerol and fatty acids, glycerol into
glycolysis
⩥ Proteins. Answer: Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its
cells and tissues
⩥ Electron Transport Chain (ETC). Answer: series of electron carrier
proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating
reactions
higher H+ on outer layer
⩥ Transfer of Energy. Answer: transferred from high energy electrons in
NADH to proteins
uses energy to more H
lowest energy state= Oxygen
⩥ chemiosmotic coupling. Answer: Mechanism that uses the energy
stored in a transmembrane proton gradient to drive an energy-requiring
2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Ventilation. Answer: movement of air into and out of the lungs
⩥ Gas exchange. Answer: the diffusion of O2 and CO2 between air or
water and the blood at the respiratory surface
⩥ Circulation. Answer: Transport of gas to/from body cells
⩥ formula for cellular respiration. Answer: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6CO2 +
6H20 + ENERGY (ATP)
⩥ 4 steps of cellular respiration. Answer: 1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate processing
3. Citric acid cycle
4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis
⩥ Reduction. Answer: gain of electrons
loose O gain H
⩥ Oxidation. Answer: loss of electrons
,gain O Loose H
⩥ Glycolysis. Answer: first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in
which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic
acid
aerobic and anaerobic processing of making ATP
⩥ Pyruvate Oxidation. Answer: 2nd step in cellular respiration occurs on
the way to the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is oxidized into 1 CO2, 1
NADH, 1 acetyl-COA (2 carbons attached to coenzyme A)
⩥ Citric Acid Cycle. Answer: Completes the breakdown of glucose by
oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.
ATP, NADH, FADH2 produced
⩥ oxidative phosphorylation. Answer: The production of ATP using
energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain;
the third major stage of cellular respiration
electrons move down the chain releasing energy and pumping protons
out of gradiant
⩥ substrate-level phosphorylation. Answer: The enzyme-catalyzed
formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from
an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
, ⩥ Krebs cycle. Answer: pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide
in a series of energy-extracting reactions
⩥ Carbohydrates. Answer: Broken down to simple sugars
⩥ Fats. Answer: broken to glycerol and fatty acids, glycerol into
glycolysis
⩥ Proteins. Answer: Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its
cells and tissues
⩥ Electron Transport Chain (ETC). Answer: series of electron carrier
proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating
reactions
higher H+ on outer layer
⩥ Transfer of Energy. Answer: transferred from high energy electrons in
NADH to proteins
uses energy to more H
lowest energy state= Oxygen
⩥ chemiosmotic coupling. Answer: Mechanism that uses the energy
stored in a transmembrane proton gradient to drive an energy-requiring
