BIO 322 Finals Questions with Complete Solutions
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Principle
a null model for populatin genetics that serves as a baseline against which we can compare real
or hypothetical data to understand how the frequencies of traits might change in populations ;
how evolution operates
What does it mean if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Allele frequencies do not change over generations (no evolution occurring).
What is the equation for allele frequencies?
p+q=1
What is the equation for genotype frequencies?
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
What are the five assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
1. Large population size
2.No natural selection
3.No migration (gene flow)
4.No mutation
5.Random mating
What happens if any HWE assumption is violated?
Evolution occurs (allele frequencies change
What is genetic drift?
, Random changes in allele frequencies, especially in small populations
What is gene flow?
Movement of alleles between populations through migration
What effect does mutation have on variation?
Increases variation within populations
What effect does natural selection have on allele frequencies?
Increases advantageous alleles and decreases harmful ones
If one genotype has higher fitness, what happens to its allele frequency?
It increases over generations
What happened to allele B1 after selection in the example?
Increased from 0.6 to 0.675
What is the chi-square formula?
X² = Σ((observed − expected)² / expected)
What are degrees of freedom (d.f.)?
number of classes being compared minus the number of independent values used in determining
our expected value.
What is a Type I error?
Rejecting a true null hypothesis
What is a Type II error?
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Principle
a null model for populatin genetics that serves as a baseline against which we can compare real
or hypothetical data to understand how the frequencies of traits might change in populations ;
how evolution operates
What does it mean if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Allele frequencies do not change over generations (no evolution occurring).
What is the equation for allele frequencies?
p+q=1
What is the equation for genotype frequencies?
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
What are the five assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
1. Large population size
2.No natural selection
3.No migration (gene flow)
4.No mutation
5.Random mating
What happens if any HWE assumption is violated?
Evolution occurs (allele frequencies change
What is genetic drift?
, Random changes in allele frequencies, especially in small populations
What is gene flow?
Movement of alleles between populations through migration
What effect does mutation have on variation?
Increases variation within populations
What effect does natural selection have on allele frequencies?
Increases advantageous alleles and decreases harmful ones
If one genotype has higher fitness, what happens to its allele frequency?
It increases over generations
What happened to allele B1 after selection in the example?
Increased from 0.6 to 0.675
What is the chi-square formula?
X² = Σ((observed − expected)² / expected)
What are degrees of freedom (d.f.)?
number of classes being compared minus the number of independent values used in determining
our expected value.
What is a Type I error?
Rejecting a true null hypothesis
What is a Type II error?
