NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, creating an
electrochemical gradient essential for membrane potential. - (ANSWER)Sodium-Potassium Pump
Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in oxidative phosphorylation
and ATP generation. - (ANSWER)Mitochondria
In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of acids, lowering both bicarbonate
and pH. - (ANSWER)Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values
B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies, central to humoral immunity. -
(ANSWER)B Lymphocytes
Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and cell swelling. -
(ANSWER)Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set point, causing fever. -
(ANSWER)Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing beta cells in the
pancreas. - (ANSWER)Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the inflamed area. -
(ANSWER)Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation
Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by developmental delays and distinct facial features.
- (ANSWER)Down Syndrome
,NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of dead cells resulting in liquefactive necrosis. -
(ANSWER)Liquefactive Necrosis
IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in agglutination and complement activation. -
(ANSWER)IgM
Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated cell proliferation. -
(ANSWER)Oncogene
Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential, increasing the risk of arrhythmias. -
(ANSWER)Hypokalemia
SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading to widespread inflammation and tissue
damage. - (ANSWER)Type III Hypersensitivity
The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates voluntary movement. - (ANSWER)Frontal
Lobe
Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, causing cellular dysfunction. -
(ANSWER)Impaired tissue perfusion
Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle constriction, and increased mucus, narrowing the
airway. - (ANSWER)Bronchoconstriction and mucus production
Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or unneeded cells without inflammation. -
(ANSWER)Apoptosis
, NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary arteries and causing infarction. -
(ANSWER)Atherosclerotic plaque rupture
Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels suggest impaired renal function. -
(ANSWER)Serum creatinine
Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal nephron to increase blood volume. -
(ANSWER)Aldosterone
Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces preload and cardiac output. -
(ANSWER)Hypovolemic shock
Stretching of myocardial fibers improves contractile force, increasing output. - (ANSWER)Frank-Starling
law of the heart
LDL contributes to plaque formation in arterial walls, promoting atherosclerosis. - (ANSWER)Elevated
LDL cholesterol
Left-sided failure backs up blood into the lungs, causing fluid accumulation and respiratory symptoms. -
(ANSWER)Pulmonary edema
PTH increases serum calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestines. - (ANSWER)Parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
MS involves immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the CNS, impairing nerve conduction. -
(ANSWER)Demyelination of CNS neurons
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, creating an
electrochemical gradient essential for membrane potential. - (ANSWER)Sodium-Potassium Pump
Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in oxidative phosphorylation
and ATP generation. - (ANSWER)Mitochondria
In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of acids, lowering both bicarbonate
and pH. - (ANSWER)Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values
B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies, central to humoral immunity. -
(ANSWER)B Lymphocytes
Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and cell swelling. -
(ANSWER)Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set point, causing fever. -
(ANSWER)Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing beta cells in the
pancreas. - (ANSWER)Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the inflamed area. -
(ANSWER)Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation
Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by developmental delays and distinct facial features.
- (ANSWER)Down Syndrome
,NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of dead cells resulting in liquefactive necrosis. -
(ANSWER)Liquefactive Necrosis
IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in agglutination and complement activation. -
(ANSWER)IgM
Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated cell proliferation. -
(ANSWER)Oncogene
Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential, increasing the risk of arrhythmias. -
(ANSWER)Hypokalemia
SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading to widespread inflammation and tissue
damage. - (ANSWER)Type III Hypersensitivity
The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates voluntary movement. - (ANSWER)Frontal
Lobe
Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, causing cellular dysfunction. -
(ANSWER)Impaired tissue perfusion
Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle constriction, and increased mucus, narrowing the
airway. - (ANSWER)Bronchoconstriction and mucus production
Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or unneeded cells without inflammation. -
(ANSWER)Apoptosis
, NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary arteries and causing infarction. -
(ANSWER)Atherosclerotic plaque rupture
Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels suggest impaired renal function. -
(ANSWER)Serum creatinine
Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal nephron to increase blood volume. -
(ANSWER)Aldosterone
Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces preload and cardiac output. -
(ANSWER)Hypovolemic shock
Stretching of myocardial fibers improves contractile force, increasing output. - (ANSWER)Frank-Starling
law of the heart
LDL contributes to plaque formation in arterial walls, promoting atherosclerosis. - (ANSWER)Elevated
LDL cholesterol
Left-sided failure backs up blood into the lungs, causing fluid accumulation and respiratory symptoms. -
(ANSWER)Pulmonary edema
PTH increases serum calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestines. - (ANSWER)Parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
MS involves immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the CNS, impairing nerve conduction. -
(ANSWER)Demyelination of CNS neurons
