NUR 631 EXAM MIDTERM | ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | ALL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | PRE-EVALUATED A+ |
ASSURED SUCCESS 2026
1. If a cell's ATPase enzyme is inhibited, what effect would this have on sodium
and potassium levels within the cell?
Both sodium and potassium levels would increase.
Sodium levels would increase and potassium levels would decrease.
Both sodium and potassium levels would decrease.
Sodium levels would decrease and potassium levels would increase.
2. Which of the following cell organelles consume molecular oxygen, which
undergoes reactions that remove hydrogen from organic molecules
including lipids, alcohol, and potentially toxic ingested substances?
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Endosome
Peroxisome
3. In a clinical scenario where a patient presents with dehydration, how would
understanding the difference between osmolality and osmolarity assist in
their treatment?
It would provide a measure of the patient's blood pressure.
It would indicate the need for immediate surgery to correct fluid
levels.
It would help in accurately assessing the osmotic status of the
patient to guide fluid replacement therapy.
, It would suggest that osmolarity is sufficient for all hydration
assessments.
4. What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys?
Decreased blood pressure
Increased sodium excretion
Increased retention of water
Increased urine output
5. Which of the following processes is primarily associated with passive
transport?
Receptor-mediated transport
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Active transport mechanisms
Osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion
6. If a cell's ability to excrete waste is impaired, what potential consequence
might occur?
Accumulation of toxic substances
Increased energy production
Improved cell signaling
Enhanced nutrient absorption
7. If a new drug is developed that inhibits a specific enzyme in the proteolytic
cascade, which type of disorder might this drug be most beneficial for
treating?
gastrointestinal and renal disorders
, endocrine and GI disorders
autoimmune and malignant disorders
cardiac and vascular disorders
8. During which phase of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate?
S
M
G0
G2
G1
9. Describe the significance of the S phase in the cell cycle and its role in
cellular reproduction.
The S phase is when the cell undergoes metabolic absorption.
The S phase is responsible for the separation of sister chromatids
during mitosis.
The S phase is crucial as it is the stage where DNA is replicated,
ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of genetic
information.
The S phase is when the cell prepares for division by increasing its
size.
10. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by
acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to
drive active pumps?
Lipids
, Proteases
Carbohydrates
Proteins
11. Describe how active transport differs from passive transport in cellular
mechanisms.
Active transport moves substances along their concentration gradient
without energy, while passive transport requires energy.
Active transport occurs only in plant cells, while passive transport
occurs in animal cells.
Active transport is only for small molecules, while passive transport is
for larger molecules.
Active transport requires energy input to move substances against
their concentration gradient, while passive transport does not.
12. What is the primary process through which ATP is generated from nutrients
in aerobic conditions?
substrate-level phosphorylation
tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation
anaerobic glycolysis
oxidative phosphorylation
13. Client who has diarrhea receives hypertonic solution IV. What effect will this
fluid replacement have on the cells?
Cells will swell
Cells will become hydrated
Cells will divide
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | PRE-EVALUATED A+ |
ASSURED SUCCESS 2026
1. If a cell's ATPase enzyme is inhibited, what effect would this have on sodium
and potassium levels within the cell?
Both sodium and potassium levels would increase.
Sodium levels would increase and potassium levels would decrease.
Both sodium and potassium levels would decrease.
Sodium levels would decrease and potassium levels would increase.
2. Which of the following cell organelles consume molecular oxygen, which
undergoes reactions that remove hydrogen from organic molecules
including lipids, alcohol, and potentially toxic ingested substances?
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Endosome
Peroxisome
3. In a clinical scenario where a patient presents with dehydration, how would
understanding the difference between osmolality and osmolarity assist in
their treatment?
It would provide a measure of the patient's blood pressure.
It would indicate the need for immediate surgery to correct fluid
levels.
It would help in accurately assessing the osmotic status of the
patient to guide fluid replacement therapy.
, It would suggest that osmolarity is sufficient for all hydration
assessments.
4. What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys?
Decreased blood pressure
Increased sodium excretion
Increased retention of water
Increased urine output
5. Which of the following processes is primarily associated with passive
transport?
Receptor-mediated transport
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Active transport mechanisms
Osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion
6. If a cell's ability to excrete waste is impaired, what potential consequence
might occur?
Accumulation of toxic substances
Increased energy production
Improved cell signaling
Enhanced nutrient absorption
7. If a new drug is developed that inhibits a specific enzyme in the proteolytic
cascade, which type of disorder might this drug be most beneficial for
treating?
gastrointestinal and renal disorders
, endocrine and GI disorders
autoimmune and malignant disorders
cardiac and vascular disorders
8. During which phase of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate?
S
M
G0
G2
G1
9. Describe the significance of the S phase in the cell cycle and its role in
cellular reproduction.
The S phase is when the cell undergoes metabolic absorption.
The S phase is responsible for the separation of sister chromatids
during mitosis.
The S phase is crucial as it is the stage where DNA is replicated,
ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of genetic
information.
The S phase is when the cell prepares for division by increasing its
size.
10. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by
acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to
drive active pumps?
Lipids
, Proteases
Carbohydrates
Proteins
11. Describe how active transport differs from passive transport in cellular
mechanisms.
Active transport moves substances along their concentration gradient
without energy, while passive transport requires energy.
Active transport occurs only in plant cells, while passive transport
occurs in animal cells.
Active transport is only for small molecules, while passive transport is
for larger molecules.
Active transport requires energy input to move substances against
their concentration gradient, while passive transport does not.
12. What is the primary process through which ATP is generated from nutrients
in aerobic conditions?
substrate-level phosphorylation
tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation
anaerobic glycolysis
oxidative phosphorylation
13. Client who has diarrhea receives hypertonic solution IV. What effect will this
fluid replacement have on the cells?
Cells will swell
Cells will become hydrated
Cells will divide
