BIOL 320 EXAM 1
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1. What is Simple Squamous Epithe- single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central
lium? nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithe-
lia
2. What is the Function of Simple Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in
Squamous? sites where protection is not important; secretes lubri-
cating substances in serosae.
3. Where is Simple Squamous locat- Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood
ed? vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body
cavity (serosae).
4. What is Simple Cuboidal Epithelia? single layer of cubelike cells with large spherical central
nuclei.
5. What is the function of Simple Secretion and absorption.
Cuboidal?
6. Where is Simple Cuboidal located? kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small
glands; ovary surface.
7. What is Simple Columnar Epithe- Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some
lia? cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus glands (goblet
cells).
8. What is the Function of a Simple Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other
Columnar? substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive
cells) by ciliary action.
9. Where is Simple Columnar locat- Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stom-
ed? ach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of
some glands; the ciliated variety lines small bronchi,
uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
, BIOL 320 EXAM 1
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10. What is Pseudostratified Colum- single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reach-
nar Epithelia? ing the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may
contain goblet cells and bear cilia.
11. What is the Function of Pseudos- Secretion, particularly of mucus, and propulsion of mu-
tratified Columnar? cus by ciliary action.
12. Where is Pseudostratified Colum- Nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and
nar located? ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea,
most of the upper respiratory tract.
13. What is Stratified Squamous Ep- Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal
ithelia? cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active;
surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized
type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal
cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of more
superficial layers.
14. What is the Function of Stratified Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abra-
Squamous? sion.
15. Where is Stratified Squamous lo- Nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esoph-
cated? agus, mouth, and vagina; the keratinized variety forms
the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.
16. What is Transitional Epithelia? Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified
cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells
dome-shaped or squamous-like, depending on the de-
gree of organ stretch.
17. What is the Function of Transition- Stretches readily and permits distension of the urinary
al? organ by contained urine.
18. Where is Transitional located? Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra.
, BIOL 320 EXAM 1
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19. What is the basic function of the To provide long-distance chemical communication
endocrine system? through hormones carried in the bloodstream.
20. If hormones circulate throughout Only cells with the appropriate receptors can respond to
the entire body, why don't they af- a hormone.
fect every cell?
21. What does the hormone-recep- Hormones only affect target cells with complementary
tor relationship explain about hor- receptors, similar to a lock-and-key relationship.
mone specificity?
22. Why can hormones produce wide- The entire blood volume circulates through the body in
spread effects throughout the about 60 seconds, allowing hormones to be distributed
body? rapidly.
23. How do endocrine, paracrine, au- Endocrine signals travel through blood to distant cells,
tocrine, and neurotransmitter sig- paracrines affect nearby cells, autocrines affect the same
naling differ? cell that released them, and neurotransmitters act across
synapses.
24. Why is the endocrine pancreas That small portion regulates blood glucose, and failure
considered critically important de- of this function can be life-threatening.
spite being only about 1% of the
pancreas?
25. How does the nervous system dif- The nervous system is fast and localized, while the en-
fer from the endocrine system in docrine system is slower but can affect the entire body.
communication speed and range?
26. What does it mean that the ner- The strength of the response depends on how frequent-
vous system is frequency-modu- ly neurons fire action potentials.
lated?
, BIOL 320 EXAM 1
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27. What does it mean that the en- The strength of the response depends on hormone con-
docrine system is amplitude-mod- centration.
ulated?
28. What are the three patterns of Chronic, acute, and cyclic.
hormone secretion?
29. How do chronic, acute, and cyclic Chronic secretion provides continuous baseline levels,
hormone secretion patterns dif- acute secretion occurs rapidly in response to a stimulus,
fer? and cyclic secretion occurs at regular intervals.
30. Why is epinephrine considered an It is released rapidly during situations requiring an im-
acute hormone? mediate response, such as fight-or-flight.
31. Why are reproductive hormones Their levels rise and fall in predictable patterns over time.
often considered cyclic hor-
mones?
32. What are the three mechanisms Neural regulation, humoral regulation, and hormonal
that regulate hormone release? (tropic) regulation.
33. Why is neural regulation the It relies on direct nervous system signaling rather than
fastest method of controlling hor- waiting for changes in blood chemistry or hormone cas-
mone release? cades.
34. How does humoral regulation Hormones are released in response to changing blood
control hormone secretion? levels of substances such as calcium or glucose.
35. How do parathyroid hormone and PTH raises blood calcium levels, while calcitonin lowers
calcitonin work together to regu- blood calcium levels.
late blood calcium?
36. What does the term "tropic hor- A hormone that targets another endocrine gland and
mone" mean? stimulates it to release hormones.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jms8fe
1. What is Simple Squamous Epithe- single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central
lium? nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithe-
lia
2. What is the Function of Simple Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in
Squamous? sites where protection is not important; secretes lubri-
cating substances in serosae.
3. Where is Simple Squamous locat- Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood
ed? vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body
cavity (serosae).
4. What is Simple Cuboidal Epithelia? single layer of cubelike cells with large spherical central
nuclei.
5. What is the function of Simple Secretion and absorption.
Cuboidal?
6. Where is Simple Cuboidal located? kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small
glands; ovary surface.
7. What is Simple Columnar Epithe- Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some
lia? cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus glands (goblet
cells).
8. What is the Function of a Simple Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other
Columnar? substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive
cells) by ciliary action.
9. Where is Simple Columnar locat- Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stom-
ed? ach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of
some glands; the ciliated variety lines small bronchi,
uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
, BIOL 320 EXAM 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jms8fe
10. What is Pseudostratified Colum- single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reach-
nar Epithelia? ing the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may
contain goblet cells and bear cilia.
11. What is the Function of Pseudos- Secretion, particularly of mucus, and propulsion of mu-
tratified Columnar? cus by ciliary action.
12. Where is Pseudostratified Colum- Nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and
nar located? ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea,
most of the upper respiratory tract.
13. What is Stratified Squamous Ep- Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal
ithelia? cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active;
surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized
type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal
cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of more
superficial layers.
14. What is the Function of Stratified Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abra-
Squamous? sion.
15. Where is Stratified Squamous lo- Nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esoph-
cated? agus, mouth, and vagina; the keratinized variety forms
the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.
16. What is Transitional Epithelia? Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified
cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells
dome-shaped or squamous-like, depending on the de-
gree of organ stretch.
17. What is the Function of Transition- Stretches readily and permits distension of the urinary
al? organ by contained urine.
18. Where is Transitional located? Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra.
, BIOL 320 EXAM 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jms8fe
19. What is the basic function of the To provide long-distance chemical communication
endocrine system? through hormones carried in the bloodstream.
20. If hormones circulate throughout Only cells with the appropriate receptors can respond to
the entire body, why don't they af- a hormone.
fect every cell?
21. What does the hormone-recep- Hormones only affect target cells with complementary
tor relationship explain about hor- receptors, similar to a lock-and-key relationship.
mone specificity?
22. Why can hormones produce wide- The entire blood volume circulates through the body in
spread effects throughout the about 60 seconds, allowing hormones to be distributed
body? rapidly.
23. How do endocrine, paracrine, au- Endocrine signals travel through blood to distant cells,
tocrine, and neurotransmitter sig- paracrines affect nearby cells, autocrines affect the same
naling differ? cell that released them, and neurotransmitters act across
synapses.
24. Why is the endocrine pancreas That small portion regulates blood glucose, and failure
considered critically important de- of this function can be life-threatening.
spite being only about 1% of the
pancreas?
25. How does the nervous system dif- The nervous system is fast and localized, while the en-
fer from the endocrine system in docrine system is slower but can affect the entire body.
communication speed and range?
26. What does it mean that the ner- The strength of the response depends on how frequent-
vous system is frequency-modu- ly neurons fire action potentials.
lated?
, BIOL 320 EXAM 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jms8fe
27. What does it mean that the en- The strength of the response depends on hormone con-
docrine system is amplitude-mod- centration.
ulated?
28. What are the three patterns of Chronic, acute, and cyclic.
hormone secretion?
29. How do chronic, acute, and cyclic Chronic secretion provides continuous baseline levels,
hormone secretion patterns dif- acute secretion occurs rapidly in response to a stimulus,
fer? and cyclic secretion occurs at regular intervals.
30. Why is epinephrine considered an It is released rapidly during situations requiring an im-
acute hormone? mediate response, such as fight-or-flight.
31. Why are reproductive hormones Their levels rise and fall in predictable patterns over time.
often considered cyclic hor-
mones?
32. What are the three mechanisms Neural regulation, humoral regulation, and hormonal
that regulate hormone release? (tropic) regulation.
33. Why is neural regulation the It relies on direct nervous system signaling rather than
fastest method of controlling hor- waiting for changes in blood chemistry or hormone cas-
mone release? cades.
34. How does humoral regulation Hormones are released in response to changing blood
control hormone secretion? levels of substances such as calcium or glucose.
35. How do parathyroid hormone and PTH raises blood calcium levels, while calcitonin lowers
calcitonin work together to regu- blood calcium levels.
late blood calcium?
36. What does the term "tropic hor- A hormone that targets another endocrine gland and
mone" mean? stimulates it to release hormones.
