GMS FINAL A ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Erlotinib/Gefitinib.
Answer: Competitive inhibitors of ATP binding - Afitinib in
noncompetitiveAdministered orally
◍ CRISPR/Cas9.
Answer: a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical
researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering
sections of the DNA sequence
◍ Zinc Supplements.
Answer: Zicam - Cold EezeZinc gluconate/acetate- Spotty results- Likely
that it reduces length and/or severity of colds when taken within 24
hoursNasal sprays can cause loss of sense of smell- Zicam spray now
oxymetazoline
◍ Narrowtherapeutic index (NTI).
Answer: Drugs with a toxic dose close to the therapeutic doseExamples of
drugs with a NTI:-Coumadin- Dilantin- Digoxin- Lithium products- General
anesthetics Use of these drugs requires closer supervision
◍ VEMURAFENIB (ZELBORAFTM)BRAFV600E.
Answer: Inhibitor for late stage melanoma
◍ Benzathine Pen G (Bicillin®).
Answer: Beta-lactam/Natural Penicillin
◍ SERMs.
Answer: Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Bind ER- May have
estrogenic or antiestrogenic effect
◍ 5-FLUOROURACIL (EFUDEX®, ADRUCIL®).
, Answer: AntimetaboliteInhibits synthesis of thymidine by thymidylate
synthaseCauses a blockade in DNA synthesisToxicities: myelosuppression,
mucositis
◍ Chicken Noodle Soup.
Answer: Inhibits neutrophil chemotaxisDecreases nasal mucous output-
Better than hot water Improves airway cilia function
◍ Protozoal Infections.
Answer: • Unicellular organisms• Actively multiply in humans• Treatment
usually involves systemic drug delivery
◍ Gram +/- bacteria.
Answer: Gram (+) bacteria - Thick peptidoglycanGram (-) bacteria - Thin
peptidoglycan
◍ Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER).
Answer: the ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic
response of cells or organisms in an oxygen-deprived environment to the
radiation dose required to cause an identical response under normal
oxygenated conditions
◍ What is Gene Therapy?.
Answer: Gene therapy adds, removes, or changes a gene in a patient- Can be
used for any gene- Somatic cells only (can't be passed on)
◍ Tetracyclines.
Answer: (Tetracycline-HCl/ Doxycycline)Useful for Mycoplasmal &
Intracellular infections(i.e., Chlamydial, Rickettsial)– Has activity against
some protozoal infections(i.e., malaria)– Treatment of acneAdverse
Effects:• Superinfection• Inhibits bone formation- Tetracyclines are
chelating drugs which complexwith calcium- Avoid use in children under 8
yrs and in pregnantor nursing women• Renal toxicity• Photosensitization
(Doxycycline)
◍ Suicide Gene Therapy.
Answer: Inserts a gene for a harmless enzyme that metabolizes a drugThe
, enzyme converts an anti-cancer drug from an inactive form to an active
form- Only cells expressing the enzyme are killed by the drug
◍ Mercury Poisoning.
Answer: Reacts with protein sulfhydril groupsLarge doses are acutely toxic
by route of exposure- Lungs- GIAll doses toxic to CNS, particularly in
developing children- Hallucinations- Ataxia- Tremors- Cognitive
deficitTreatment:Eliminate exposure- Half life ( 1-2 months) Chelation for
inorganic or metal- Dimercaprol ( Given IM/ Prevents but does not reverse
effects/ Only used for acute toxicity)Nonabsorbable thiol resin to prevent
GIabsorption- No treatment for organic Hg after absorption
◍ Growth fraction.
Answer: - the fraction of tumor cells that are actively dividing- decreases
when the tumor size becomes too large
◍ Tumor associated antigens.
Answer: Not unique to tumor cellsNormal antigens - “Self”- expressed at a
wrong time and in a wrong wayMost tumor antigens are not specific to
tumor cells but arealso present on normal cells
◍ Why so many antibiotics?.
Answer: • Spectrum• Resistance• Pharmacokinetics• Adverse effects• Drug
interactions
◍ Phenylephrine.
Answer: decongestantSpecific α1 agonist -> vasoconstriction
◍ Ethambutol.
Answer: Mechanism: blocks assembly of cell wall by a different mechanism
than isoniazid (affects arabinogalactan biosynthesis, a component of the
mycobacterial cell wall)- BactericidalAdverse Effects:- Optic neuritis
(red/green color blindness)
◍ CYTOSINE ARABINOSIDE (CYTOSAR®).
Answer: AntimetaboliteInhibits DNA polymerase and DNA
synthesisS-phase specific actionToxicity: myelosuppression
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Erlotinib/Gefitinib.
Answer: Competitive inhibitors of ATP binding - Afitinib in
noncompetitiveAdministered orally
◍ CRISPR/Cas9.
Answer: a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical
researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering
sections of the DNA sequence
◍ Zinc Supplements.
Answer: Zicam - Cold EezeZinc gluconate/acetate- Spotty results- Likely
that it reduces length and/or severity of colds when taken within 24
hoursNasal sprays can cause loss of sense of smell- Zicam spray now
oxymetazoline
◍ Narrowtherapeutic index (NTI).
Answer: Drugs with a toxic dose close to the therapeutic doseExamples of
drugs with a NTI:-Coumadin- Dilantin- Digoxin- Lithium products- General
anesthetics Use of these drugs requires closer supervision
◍ VEMURAFENIB (ZELBORAFTM)BRAFV600E.
Answer: Inhibitor for late stage melanoma
◍ Benzathine Pen G (Bicillin®).
Answer: Beta-lactam/Natural Penicillin
◍ SERMs.
Answer: Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Bind ER- May have
estrogenic or antiestrogenic effect
◍ 5-FLUOROURACIL (EFUDEX®, ADRUCIL®).
, Answer: AntimetaboliteInhibits synthesis of thymidine by thymidylate
synthaseCauses a blockade in DNA synthesisToxicities: myelosuppression,
mucositis
◍ Chicken Noodle Soup.
Answer: Inhibits neutrophil chemotaxisDecreases nasal mucous output-
Better than hot water Improves airway cilia function
◍ Protozoal Infections.
Answer: • Unicellular organisms• Actively multiply in humans• Treatment
usually involves systemic drug delivery
◍ Gram +/- bacteria.
Answer: Gram (+) bacteria - Thick peptidoglycanGram (-) bacteria - Thin
peptidoglycan
◍ Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER).
Answer: the ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic
response of cells or organisms in an oxygen-deprived environment to the
radiation dose required to cause an identical response under normal
oxygenated conditions
◍ What is Gene Therapy?.
Answer: Gene therapy adds, removes, or changes a gene in a patient- Can be
used for any gene- Somatic cells only (can't be passed on)
◍ Tetracyclines.
Answer: (Tetracycline-HCl/ Doxycycline)Useful for Mycoplasmal &
Intracellular infections(i.e., Chlamydial, Rickettsial)– Has activity against
some protozoal infections(i.e., malaria)– Treatment of acneAdverse
Effects:• Superinfection• Inhibits bone formation- Tetracyclines are
chelating drugs which complexwith calcium- Avoid use in children under 8
yrs and in pregnantor nursing women• Renal toxicity• Photosensitization
(Doxycycline)
◍ Suicide Gene Therapy.
Answer: Inserts a gene for a harmless enzyme that metabolizes a drugThe
, enzyme converts an anti-cancer drug from an inactive form to an active
form- Only cells expressing the enzyme are killed by the drug
◍ Mercury Poisoning.
Answer: Reacts with protein sulfhydril groupsLarge doses are acutely toxic
by route of exposure- Lungs- GIAll doses toxic to CNS, particularly in
developing children- Hallucinations- Ataxia- Tremors- Cognitive
deficitTreatment:Eliminate exposure- Half life ( 1-2 months) Chelation for
inorganic or metal- Dimercaprol ( Given IM/ Prevents but does not reverse
effects/ Only used for acute toxicity)Nonabsorbable thiol resin to prevent
GIabsorption- No treatment for organic Hg after absorption
◍ Growth fraction.
Answer: - the fraction of tumor cells that are actively dividing- decreases
when the tumor size becomes too large
◍ Tumor associated antigens.
Answer: Not unique to tumor cellsNormal antigens - “Self”- expressed at a
wrong time and in a wrong wayMost tumor antigens are not specific to
tumor cells but arealso present on normal cells
◍ Why so many antibiotics?.
Answer: • Spectrum• Resistance• Pharmacokinetics• Adverse effects• Drug
interactions
◍ Phenylephrine.
Answer: decongestantSpecific α1 agonist -> vasoconstriction
◍ Ethambutol.
Answer: Mechanism: blocks assembly of cell wall by a different mechanism
than isoniazid (affects arabinogalactan biosynthesis, a component of the
mycobacterial cell wall)- BactericidalAdverse Effects:- Optic neuritis
(red/green color blindness)
◍ CYTOSINE ARABINOSIDE (CYTOSAR®).
Answer: AntimetaboliteInhibits DNA polymerase and DNA
synthesisS-phase specific actionToxicity: myelosuppression
