GMS FINAL A FINAL TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ structure of smooth muscle.
Answer: electrical isolation for finer motor control gap junctions like in
cardiac muscleNO ACTION POTENTIAL similar thick and thin filaments
have intermediate filaments and dense bodies (similar to z-disc)cross
bridges shorten 80% (50% more than skeletal muscle)
◍ what are the main components of the thin filaments.
Answer: actin (where myosin binds)troponin (moves tropomyosin when
Ca2+ is present)tropomyosin (covers actin active site)nebulin (sets thin
filament length) CapZ (anchors actin to Z-line on z-disc side)Tropomodulin
(on end of actin, in middle of sarcomere)alpha-actinin (anchors actin to
z-line)
◍ zone 2 of the lungs.
Answer: pulmonary arterial pressure is greater than the alveolar pressure
AND alveolar pressure is greater than the pulmonary venous pressure
resistance is increased so flow is reduced normally in apex to middle of
lungs
◍ do cardiac and skeletal muscles have the same sarcomeric structure.
Answer: yes, striated
◍ length-tension relationship in smooth muscle.
Answer: if stretched for long periods of time, will adjust to new normal,
curve shifts left and right then can go back when shortened again curve
looks like upside-down U
◍ TP segment on EKG.
Answer: atrial and ventricular diastole heart relaxed and filling with blood
,◍ what is the contractile unit of skeletal muscle.
Answer: the sarcomere
◍ what is the pressure in the right ventricle.
Answer: `25/0
◍ zone 3 of the lungs.
Answer: usually in middle to lower lungs pulmonary arterial pressure is
greatest and then pulmonary venous pressure then alveolar pressure most
blood flow, vessel completely open greatest gravity effects
◍ after fetal blood goes through the ductus arteriosus shunt, where does it go.
Answer: from pulmonary artery, thru shunt, into arch of aorta, and into
systemic circulation
◍ what is the equation for power.
Answer: work/time or force x velocity
◍ right axis deviation.
Answer: +90 to +150 normal in children and tall, thin adults seen in any
condition causing right ventricular hypertrophy
◍ how many seconds is a little box on an EKG.
Answer: 0.04 seconds (5 little in 1 big)
◍ when laying down, where is most of the pressure located.
Answer: arteries
◍ what is the rate of the Purkinje system.
Answer: 20-40 bpm
◍ what are the two roles of ATP in the cross bridge cycle.
Answer: release from rigor state re-energize/reactivate myosin heads for
next cycle
◍ what are the two main receptors in the triad.
Answer: dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR)ryanodine receptors (RyR)
◍ what does it mean if the PR interval is longer than 0.2 seconds.
, Answer: conduction block in AV node
◍ how does beta-adrenergic stimulation affect the heart.
Answer: stronger, briefer, more frequent contractions
◍ why is the Bernouilli principle important for blood flow.
Answer: states that total energy is conserved energy in = energy out as
velocity and energy increases, pressure decreases which conserves energy
◍ what is the main component of the thick filaments.
Answer: myosinhave heavy and light chains motor heads that move it along
the thin filament
◍ what are some negative ionotropes for contractility.
Answer: decrease Ca2+ (Ca2+ channel blockers, low extracellular Ca2+,
high intracellular Na+)
◍ is resistance in the pulmonary circulation high or low.
Answer: low
◍ 3rd step of cross bridge cycle.
Answer: DISSOSCIATIONATP binds to myosin Actin and myosin
dissociate (cross bridge detaches)
◍ how do we increase venous return.
Answer: increase blood volume increase diameter of vessel decrease
resistance
◍ what is the pressure in the left ventricle during fetal circulation.
Answer: 65 mm Hg
◍ what is the neural pathway.
Answer: mediate the short term regulation of blood pressure using detectors,
afferents, integrator, efferents, and effectors
◍ what causes pulmonary edema.
Answer: excess fluid in the interstitium and lymphatic system that cause
fluid to fill the alveoli increased capillary permeability hemodilution
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ structure of smooth muscle.
Answer: electrical isolation for finer motor control gap junctions like in
cardiac muscleNO ACTION POTENTIAL similar thick and thin filaments
have intermediate filaments and dense bodies (similar to z-disc)cross
bridges shorten 80% (50% more than skeletal muscle)
◍ what are the main components of the thin filaments.
Answer: actin (where myosin binds)troponin (moves tropomyosin when
Ca2+ is present)tropomyosin (covers actin active site)nebulin (sets thin
filament length) CapZ (anchors actin to Z-line on z-disc side)Tropomodulin
(on end of actin, in middle of sarcomere)alpha-actinin (anchors actin to
z-line)
◍ zone 2 of the lungs.
Answer: pulmonary arterial pressure is greater than the alveolar pressure
AND alveolar pressure is greater than the pulmonary venous pressure
resistance is increased so flow is reduced normally in apex to middle of
lungs
◍ do cardiac and skeletal muscles have the same sarcomeric structure.
Answer: yes, striated
◍ length-tension relationship in smooth muscle.
Answer: if stretched for long periods of time, will adjust to new normal,
curve shifts left and right then can go back when shortened again curve
looks like upside-down U
◍ TP segment on EKG.
Answer: atrial and ventricular diastole heart relaxed and filling with blood
,◍ what is the contractile unit of skeletal muscle.
Answer: the sarcomere
◍ what is the pressure in the right ventricle.
Answer: `25/0
◍ zone 3 of the lungs.
Answer: usually in middle to lower lungs pulmonary arterial pressure is
greatest and then pulmonary venous pressure then alveolar pressure most
blood flow, vessel completely open greatest gravity effects
◍ after fetal blood goes through the ductus arteriosus shunt, where does it go.
Answer: from pulmonary artery, thru shunt, into arch of aorta, and into
systemic circulation
◍ what is the equation for power.
Answer: work/time or force x velocity
◍ right axis deviation.
Answer: +90 to +150 normal in children and tall, thin adults seen in any
condition causing right ventricular hypertrophy
◍ how many seconds is a little box on an EKG.
Answer: 0.04 seconds (5 little in 1 big)
◍ when laying down, where is most of the pressure located.
Answer: arteries
◍ what is the rate of the Purkinje system.
Answer: 20-40 bpm
◍ what are the two roles of ATP in the cross bridge cycle.
Answer: release from rigor state re-energize/reactivate myosin heads for
next cycle
◍ what are the two main receptors in the triad.
Answer: dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR)ryanodine receptors (RyR)
◍ what does it mean if the PR interval is longer than 0.2 seconds.
, Answer: conduction block in AV node
◍ how does beta-adrenergic stimulation affect the heart.
Answer: stronger, briefer, more frequent contractions
◍ why is the Bernouilli principle important for blood flow.
Answer: states that total energy is conserved energy in = energy out as
velocity and energy increases, pressure decreases which conserves energy
◍ what is the main component of the thick filaments.
Answer: myosinhave heavy and light chains motor heads that move it along
the thin filament
◍ what are some negative ionotropes for contractility.
Answer: decrease Ca2+ (Ca2+ channel blockers, low extracellular Ca2+,
high intracellular Na+)
◍ is resistance in the pulmonary circulation high or low.
Answer: low
◍ 3rd step of cross bridge cycle.
Answer: DISSOSCIATIONATP binds to myosin Actin and myosin
dissociate (cross bridge detaches)
◍ how do we increase venous return.
Answer: increase blood volume increase diameter of vessel decrease
resistance
◍ what is the pressure in the left ventricle during fetal circulation.
Answer: 65 mm Hg
◍ what is the neural pathway.
Answer: mediate the short term regulation of blood pressure using detectors,
afferents, integrator, efferents, and effectors
◍ what causes pulmonary edema.
Answer: excess fluid in the interstitium and lymphatic system that cause
fluid to fill the alveoli increased capillary permeability hemodilution
