CPH Exam Questions 2026 | Questions with
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Terms in this set (499)
Attributable risk Rate of disease in exposed individuals that can
be attributed to the exposure. Or the proportion
of all cases that can be attributed to a particular
exposure.
Adjusted rate Effects of differences in composition of pops
being compared have been minimized by
statistical methods.
ex: regression analysis and strandardization
-often used on rates or relative risks
Ecological Fallacy Bias that may occur because an association
observed between variables or an aggregate
level does not represent the association that
exists at an individual level
, Confidence Interval 95% confident that the true value of a variable is
contained within the interval.
-used to account for sampling variability
-it is a point estimate +_ margin of error, where the
point estimate is the best estimate of teh
unknown parameter and the margin of error is the
product of the confidence level and the standard
error.
if a 95% CI for the differences in mean does not
include 0 (the null value) then there is eveidence
of a statistically significant difference at
sigma=0.05
Clinical Trial Phases 1. Safety and Pharmacologic profiles
2. pilot efficacy studies
3. extensive clinical trials
4. after the FDA approves, look at specific effects
to establish incidence of adverse reactions, etc.
longterm use effects.
interpretation of studies temporality: cause precedes effect
Specificity: important in assessing the possibility
of biases.
Consistency: several studies showing similar
results. homogeneity statistically.
Confounders -non-causal association between exposure and
outcome as a result of a third variable.
-distortion of effect by other factors
-must be related to exposure AND outcome
-not an intermediate variable on causal pathway
100% Correct Answers Complete | Updated 2026
/ 2027 Verified by Experts
Save
Terms in this set (499)
Attributable risk Rate of disease in exposed individuals that can
be attributed to the exposure. Or the proportion
of all cases that can be attributed to a particular
exposure.
Adjusted rate Effects of differences in composition of pops
being compared have been minimized by
statistical methods.
ex: regression analysis and strandardization
-often used on rates or relative risks
Ecological Fallacy Bias that may occur because an association
observed between variables or an aggregate
level does not represent the association that
exists at an individual level
, Confidence Interval 95% confident that the true value of a variable is
contained within the interval.
-used to account for sampling variability
-it is a point estimate +_ margin of error, where the
point estimate is the best estimate of teh
unknown parameter and the margin of error is the
product of the confidence level and the standard
error.
if a 95% CI for the differences in mean does not
include 0 (the null value) then there is eveidence
of a statistically significant difference at
sigma=0.05
Clinical Trial Phases 1. Safety and Pharmacologic profiles
2. pilot efficacy studies
3. extensive clinical trials
4. after the FDA approves, look at specific effects
to establish incidence of adverse reactions, etc.
longterm use effects.
interpretation of studies temporality: cause precedes effect
Specificity: important in assessing the possibility
of biases.
Consistency: several studies showing similar
results. homogeneity statistically.
Confounders -non-causal association between exposure and
outcome as a result of a third variable.
-distortion of effect by other factors
-must be related to exposure AND outcome
-not an intermediate variable on causal pathway
