BIOLOGY 101 FINAL EXAM | 210 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT
SOLUTIONS| 2026 LATEST UPDATED| A+
1. In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by: Polar covalent bond
2. Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments demonstrated conclusively that: Organic molecules can be synthesized
abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth.
3. What do the four 'elements of life' (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen) have in common?: They all have
unpaired electrons in their valence shells.
4. Using the functional group diagram on the right, answer A-E of which of the
following is incorrectly matched.: They all have unpaired electrons in their valence shells.A = amino group
B= thiol group
C = carbonyl (aldehyde)
D = organic phosphate
E = carboxyl group
5. Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because it: The bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule
are polar covalent bonds.
6. Which functional group is shown at the right?: i) is an acidic functional group that can
release H+ into a solution? -C
ii) a basic functional group that can accept H+? -D iii)
can exist as a ketone or aldehyde configuration? -B iv)
a characteristic of alcohols? -A
,v) helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules? -E
7. Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at warmer temperatures?: Adding hydrogens
and trans double bonds to the fatty acids
8. A comparison of saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats reveals that unsaturated fats are ______ a t
room temperature and have ______.: Liquids; cis double bonds
9. A molecule with four joined rings that is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones and is also found in the
vertebrate phospholipid bilayer is:: Cholesterol 10. A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a __________,
where one with the formula C6H12O6 is probably a ____________.: Fatty acid and monosaccharide, respectively
11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right:: Cholesterol. -4
Dipeptide. -5
Saturated fatty acid. -3
Polyunsaturated fatty acid. -2
Glucose. -1
12. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding chemical reaction
5 illustrated above?: It results in a peptide bond.
13. A bond that forms by joining monomers (such as nucleotides or amino acids) into polymers (such as DNA or
insulin) is an:: Covalent bond
14. Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they: Are synthesized from subunits by
dehydration reactions.
15. Match the following parts of the cell to its functions: Nucleus: Site of transcription of mRNA and tRNA for
protein synthesis
Mitochondria: Synthesis of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
,Nucleolus: Site of rRNA for protein synthesis
Rough ER: Synthesis of the insulin receptor, a transmembrane glycoprotein
Golgi Apparatus: Sorting of proteins targeted for extracellular secretion
Lysosome: Intercellular digestion
Smooth ER: Synthesis of the steroid hormone testosterone
Extracellular Matrix: Site of cell-cell adhesion and cell recognition
16 Proteins that are manufactured for secretion (export from the cell):: Are made in the rough ER and packaged in
transport vesicles
17. Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl.
What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater?: Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel
and collapse.
18. All of the following are functions of integral membrane proteins except:: -
Synthesis of hormones.
19. Match the components of the plasma membrane with the letters in the figure at the right:: a. Cholesterol - E b.
Glycolipid - A
c.Integral Membrane Protein - B
d. Peripheral Membrane Protein - F
e. Glycoprotein - C
20. Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?: Anabolic reactions
21. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?-
, : It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
22. Increasing the substrate concentration in a reaction could overcome which
of the following?: Competitive inhibition
23. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The primary way that cells do work is called energy coupling, using ATP. Which
statements below accurately define energy coupling?: Exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions.
ATP hydrolysis releases free energy that can be coupled to an endergonic reaction via the formation of a
phosphorylated intermediate.
24. The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is: Protein kinase.
25. In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial
membranes. What purpose must this serve?: It increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation.
26. Why is the Calvin cycle said to be dependent on the light reactions?: The light reactions produce the ATP energy
and NADPH for sugar production in the Calvin cycle.
SOLUTIONS| 2026 LATEST UPDATED| A+
1. In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by: Polar covalent bond
2. Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments demonstrated conclusively that: Organic molecules can be synthesized
abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth.
3. What do the four 'elements of life' (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen) have in common?: They all have
unpaired electrons in their valence shells.
4. Using the functional group diagram on the right, answer A-E of which of the
following is incorrectly matched.: They all have unpaired electrons in their valence shells.A = amino group
B= thiol group
C = carbonyl (aldehyde)
D = organic phosphate
E = carboxyl group
5. Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because it: The bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule
are polar covalent bonds.
6. Which functional group is shown at the right?: i) is an acidic functional group that can
release H+ into a solution? -C
ii) a basic functional group that can accept H+? -D iii)
can exist as a ketone or aldehyde configuration? -B iv)
a characteristic of alcohols? -A
,v) helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules? -E
7. Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at warmer temperatures?: Adding hydrogens
and trans double bonds to the fatty acids
8. A comparison of saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats reveals that unsaturated fats are ______ a t
room temperature and have ______.: Liquids; cis double bonds
9. A molecule with four joined rings that is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones and is also found in the
vertebrate phospholipid bilayer is:: Cholesterol 10. A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a __________,
where one with the formula C6H12O6 is probably a ____________.: Fatty acid and monosaccharide, respectively
11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right:: Cholesterol. -4
Dipeptide. -5
Saturated fatty acid. -3
Polyunsaturated fatty acid. -2
Glucose. -1
12. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding chemical reaction
5 illustrated above?: It results in a peptide bond.
13. A bond that forms by joining monomers (such as nucleotides or amino acids) into polymers (such as DNA or
insulin) is an:: Covalent bond
14. Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they: Are synthesized from subunits by
dehydration reactions.
15. Match the following parts of the cell to its functions: Nucleus: Site of transcription of mRNA and tRNA for
protein synthesis
Mitochondria: Synthesis of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
,Nucleolus: Site of rRNA for protein synthesis
Rough ER: Synthesis of the insulin receptor, a transmembrane glycoprotein
Golgi Apparatus: Sorting of proteins targeted for extracellular secretion
Lysosome: Intercellular digestion
Smooth ER: Synthesis of the steroid hormone testosterone
Extracellular Matrix: Site of cell-cell adhesion and cell recognition
16 Proteins that are manufactured for secretion (export from the cell):: Are made in the rough ER and packaged in
transport vesicles
17. Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl.
What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater?: Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel
and collapse.
18. All of the following are functions of integral membrane proteins except:: -
Synthesis of hormones.
19. Match the components of the plasma membrane with the letters in the figure at the right:: a. Cholesterol - E b.
Glycolipid - A
c.Integral Membrane Protein - B
d. Peripheral Membrane Protein - F
e. Glycoprotein - C
20. Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?: Anabolic reactions
21. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?-
, : It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
22. Increasing the substrate concentration in a reaction could overcome which
of the following?: Competitive inhibition
23. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The primary way that cells do work is called energy coupling, using ATP. Which
statements below accurately define energy coupling?: Exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions.
ATP hydrolysis releases free energy that can be coupled to an endergonic reaction via the formation of a
phosphorylated intermediate.
24. The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is: Protein kinase.
25. In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial
membranes. What purpose must this serve?: It increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation.
26. Why is the Calvin cycle said to be dependent on the light reactions?: The light reactions produce the ATP energy
and NADPH for sugar production in the Calvin cycle.
