TEST 3 NOTES
Chapter 1 Vol. 2 Pathophysiology
Homeostasis is when the human body maintains a steady state of balance.
Disease is an abnormal structural or functional change within the body.
Pathophysiology is the study of disease which can be defined as functional
changes that occur with living cells within the body and tissues that are associated
with a disease or injury.
Pathology or medical science that deals with all aspects of disease. Emphasis
on :
1. Essential Nature
2. Causes
3. Disease
Hierarchical Structure of the Body
Cells are the smallest unit of life which are made up of chemical
molecules(which are made up of individual atoms) CELLS Chemical Molecules
Individual Atoms
A group of cells that perform similar functions is known as tissues.
A group of tissue that work together is known as an organ.
A group of organs that work together is known as an organ system.
A group of organ systems that work together is known as organism.
Organism= Human (Humans have 11 separate organ systems)
Cells TissuesOrgansOrgan SystemsOrganism= Humans
Population- organisms of the same species residing in a distinct geographic
area.
Community- sum total of all living organisms occupying a defined geographic
area.
Ecosystem- a community and its physical environment.
Biome- geographic area with a similar climatic conditions Number of
ecosystems exist in each biome.
, *ALL ecosystems, biomes and all organisms form a biosphere.
Levels of Life beyond the Individual
Individual Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere
Disease
Predisposing Factors tend to increase the body’s vulnerability to a specific disease.
Predisposing Factors:
Age
Gender
Genetics
Lifestyle
Environment
Pathogenesis- defined sequence of events that leads to the development of a disease.
Pathogen- microorganism capable of producing infection or disease.
Idiopathic- when the predisposing factors cannot be identified.
Etiology- the study of disease causes. Comprised of:
o Occurrences
o Reasons
o Variables of Disease
Often defined as consisting of Casualty, Contribution and Correlation.
Signs of Disease
Clinical Presentation- manifestation of a disease. Includes both signs and symptoms.
Symptom- what the patient tells you about the disease Subjective Complaint.
Sign- an objective finding that you can identify through physical examination.
Syndrome- A specific constellation of commonly found signs and symptoms.
Diagnosis- the process of identifying and assigning a name to a disease in an individual
patient or a group of patients with similar signs. Generalized An assumption that
the disease will take a prescribed course of action.
Prognosis- Expected outcome of a disease. This is by studying the understood signs
of disease when make it expected.
Onsets of Disease
Acute Onset- when disease have a sudden onset
, Chronic or Insidious- when a disease a slower or prolonged onset. (The signs and
symptoms of a chronic disease are often milder and more difficult to identify.)
Classifications of Disease
Infectious are those that result from invasion of the body and colonization by a
pathogenic organism. Organisms consist of
o Prions
o Viruses
o Bacteria
o Fungi
Others are “multi celled” pathogenic organisms such as:
o Tapeworms
o Liver Flukes
Immunologic are overreaction of the immune system commonly called “allergies” or
“hypersensitivity.” Some immune systems fail to recognize certain tissues as belonging
to the host and mounts an immune response on to its on tissue.
This is known as an autoimmune disease which is responsible for such conditions as
rheumatic heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Inadequate immune system functions
may lead to overwhelming infection. (AIDS)
Inflammatory are the diseases that result from the body’s response to another disease
process that is trying to infect it. (primary disease)
Ischemic “due to diminished blood supply” which lead to affected tissues are deprived
of oxygen and essential energy substrates leads to CELL DEATH. Acute
Coronary Syndrome, Ischemic Stroke, and Ischemic Bowel Disease.
Metabolic disease result from when there is a disturbance in the biochemical and
metabolic processes within the body. Examples include:
o Diabetes Mellitus- decreased insulin production from the pancreas in the
endocrine system.
o Thyrotoxicosis- results from abnormally elevated levels of thyroid hormones.
Nutritional diseases primarily result from the deficiency in one or all of the major
nutritional sources. Lack of Vitamins can diminish normal metabolic processes.
Examples:
o Scurvy
o Rickets
Genetic diseases are those that are coded in a person’s genetic material which passed
from parent to child. Examples:
o Hemophilia
o Huntington’s Disease
o Color Blindness
Congenital are certain diseases that result from problems that occur is fetal
development. Happens during the first trimester of life. During this time the fetus is
the susceptible to external factors that adversely affect development (Teratogens)
Chapter 1 Vol. 2 Pathophysiology
Homeostasis is when the human body maintains a steady state of balance.
Disease is an abnormal structural or functional change within the body.
Pathophysiology is the study of disease which can be defined as functional
changes that occur with living cells within the body and tissues that are associated
with a disease or injury.
Pathology or medical science that deals with all aspects of disease. Emphasis
on :
1. Essential Nature
2. Causes
3. Disease
Hierarchical Structure of the Body
Cells are the smallest unit of life which are made up of chemical
molecules(which are made up of individual atoms) CELLS Chemical Molecules
Individual Atoms
A group of cells that perform similar functions is known as tissues.
A group of tissue that work together is known as an organ.
A group of organs that work together is known as an organ system.
A group of organ systems that work together is known as organism.
Organism= Human (Humans have 11 separate organ systems)
Cells TissuesOrgansOrgan SystemsOrganism= Humans
Population- organisms of the same species residing in a distinct geographic
area.
Community- sum total of all living organisms occupying a defined geographic
area.
Ecosystem- a community and its physical environment.
Biome- geographic area with a similar climatic conditions Number of
ecosystems exist in each biome.
, *ALL ecosystems, biomes and all organisms form a biosphere.
Levels of Life beyond the Individual
Individual Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere
Disease
Predisposing Factors tend to increase the body’s vulnerability to a specific disease.
Predisposing Factors:
Age
Gender
Genetics
Lifestyle
Environment
Pathogenesis- defined sequence of events that leads to the development of a disease.
Pathogen- microorganism capable of producing infection or disease.
Idiopathic- when the predisposing factors cannot be identified.
Etiology- the study of disease causes. Comprised of:
o Occurrences
o Reasons
o Variables of Disease
Often defined as consisting of Casualty, Contribution and Correlation.
Signs of Disease
Clinical Presentation- manifestation of a disease. Includes both signs and symptoms.
Symptom- what the patient tells you about the disease Subjective Complaint.
Sign- an objective finding that you can identify through physical examination.
Syndrome- A specific constellation of commonly found signs and symptoms.
Diagnosis- the process of identifying and assigning a name to a disease in an individual
patient or a group of patients with similar signs. Generalized An assumption that
the disease will take a prescribed course of action.
Prognosis- Expected outcome of a disease. This is by studying the understood signs
of disease when make it expected.
Onsets of Disease
Acute Onset- when disease have a sudden onset
, Chronic or Insidious- when a disease a slower or prolonged onset. (The signs and
symptoms of a chronic disease are often milder and more difficult to identify.)
Classifications of Disease
Infectious are those that result from invasion of the body and colonization by a
pathogenic organism. Organisms consist of
o Prions
o Viruses
o Bacteria
o Fungi
Others are “multi celled” pathogenic organisms such as:
o Tapeworms
o Liver Flukes
Immunologic are overreaction of the immune system commonly called “allergies” or
“hypersensitivity.” Some immune systems fail to recognize certain tissues as belonging
to the host and mounts an immune response on to its on tissue.
This is known as an autoimmune disease which is responsible for such conditions as
rheumatic heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Inadequate immune system functions
may lead to overwhelming infection. (AIDS)
Inflammatory are the diseases that result from the body’s response to another disease
process that is trying to infect it. (primary disease)
Ischemic “due to diminished blood supply” which lead to affected tissues are deprived
of oxygen and essential energy substrates leads to CELL DEATH. Acute
Coronary Syndrome, Ischemic Stroke, and Ischemic Bowel Disease.
Metabolic disease result from when there is a disturbance in the biochemical and
metabolic processes within the body. Examples include:
o Diabetes Mellitus- decreased insulin production from the pancreas in the
endocrine system.
o Thyrotoxicosis- results from abnormally elevated levels of thyroid hormones.
Nutritional diseases primarily result from the deficiency in one or all of the major
nutritional sources. Lack of Vitamins can diminish normal metabolic processes.
Examples:
o Scurvy
o Rickets
Genetic diseases are those that are coded in a person’s genetic material which passed
from parent to child. Examples:
o Hemophilia
o Huntington’s Disease
o Color Blindness
Congenital are certain diseases that result from problems that occur is fetal
development. Happens during the first trimester of life. During this time the fetus is
the susceptible to external factors that adversely affect development (Teratogens)
