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• Climacteric phase. CORRECT ANSWER: The period of endrocrinologic,
somatic, and transitory psychologic changes that occur around the time
of menopause.
• Early menopause. CORRECT ANSWER: LMP before age 45
• Late menopause. CORRECT ANSWER: LMP after age 54
• Primary ovarian insufficiency. CORRECT ANSWER: Menopause that
occurs before age 40
• Early menopause transition (stage -2). CORRECT ANSWER: Persistent
difference of 7 days or more in the length of consecutive cycles.
• Late menopause transition (stage -1). CORRECT ANSWER: 60 or more
consecutive days of amenorrhea
• Luteal out of phase event (LOOP). CORRECT ANSWER: Explains why
some perimenopausal women have elevated estrogen level
sometimes...In the early menopause transition, elevated FSH levels are
adequate to recruit a second follicle which results in a follicular phase-
,like rise in estradiol secretion superimposed on the mid-to-late luteal
phase of the ongoing ovulatory cycle.
• Obese women and estradiol levels during menopause. CORRECT
ANSWER: Obese women are more likely to have anovulatory cycles
with high estradiol levels. They are also more likely to have lower
premenopause yet higher postmenopause estradiol levels compared
with women of normal weight. (why they are at higher risk of
endometrial cancer)
• Chinese and Japanese women. CORRECT ANSWER: These ethnic
groups have lower estradiol levels then white, black and hispanic
women.
• stage +2. CORRECT ANSWER: late menopause stage: 5-8 years after
FMP. Somatic aging predominates. Increased genitourinary symptoms.
• Stages +1a, +1b, +1c. CORRECT ANSWER: early post menopause: 2
years after FMP. FSH rises, estradiol decreases. VMS predominate.
• Elevated FSH, LH. CORRECT ANSWER: Endocrine labs after menopause
• AMH, inhibin B. CORRECT ANSWER: These hormones work during
reproductive years to not deplete follicle pool too quickly.
, • Phases during menopause transition and PMS symptoms. CORRECT
ANSWER: Menstrual cycle shortenes, follicular phase compresses,
women spend more time in luteal phase.. meaning more premenstrual
symptoms and more frequent menstrual periods.
• How to respond if a patient requests FSH lab?. CORRECT ANSWER:
many pitfalls, variable depending on the day of the cycle you draw the
lab, normal or low FSH is not helpful.
• The potentially superior marker of menopause, a lab.. CORRECT
ANSWER: AMH
• DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone). CORRECT ANSWER: Adrenal
androgens: precursor hromones produced by the adrenal gland that are
enzymatically converted to active androgens or estrogens in peripheral
tissues.
• Location of estrogen receptors. CORRECT ANSWER: Vagina, vulva,
urethra, trigone of the bladder
• Effects of estrogen on tissue. CORRECT ANSWER: maintain blood flow,
the collagen, and HA within the epithelial surfaces. Supports
microbiome and protects tissue from pathogens.
• Vaginal changes with menopause. CORRECT ANSWER: Thinning, loss
of elasticity, loss or absence or rugae.