NR507 FINAL EXAM 2026 | NR507 Week 8
Exam | Advanced Pathophysiology |
Expected Q&A | Verified Answers |
Chamberlain | Pass Guaranteed - A+ Graded
1. A cell exposed to severe hypoxia most likely undergoes which early change?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Loss of membrane ion pump function
C. Immediate apoptosis in all cases
D. Increased oxidative phosphorylation
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia reduces ATP, causing failure of membrane pumps and
cellular swelling.
2. Reversible cell injury is most likely when:
A. The insult is brief and mild
B. DNA is completely destroyed
C. Membranes rupture immediately
D. The cell cannot recover at all
Answer: A
Rationale: Mild, short-duration injury often allows recovery if the cause is
removed.
3. The most common cause of apoptosis is:
A. Severe ischemia
B. Programmed cell deletion
C. Bacterial toxin only
D. Acute trauma only
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is controlled cell death used in normal development
and tissue turnover.
4. Which finding is most consistent with necrosis rather than apoptosis?
A. Cell shrinkage without inflammation
B. Cell swelling with inflammation
, C. No membrane damage
D. No enzyme release
Answer: B
Rationale: Necrosis usually causes membrane rupture and inflammation.
5. A patient with chronic inflammation is most likely to have:
A. Rapid complete healing without scarring
B. Ongoing tissue injury and repair
C. No immune cell involvement
D. No cytokine activity
Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation persists because the injurious stimulus
remains or recurs.
6. Which cell is the first major responder in acute inflammation?
A. Neutrophil
B. Eosinophil
C. B cell
D. Plasma cell
Answer: A
Rationale: Neutrophils are the predominant early responders in acute
inflammation.
7. Histamine release during inflammation causes:
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Increased vascular permeability
C. Reduced edema
D. Decreased blood flow
Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine increases permeability and contributes to swelling.
8. A fever during infection is primarily mediated by:
A. Insulin
B. Pyrogens
C. Albumin
D. Hemoglobin
Answer: B
Rationale: Pyrogens reset the hypothalamic set point upward.
,9. Which is a typical sign of systemic inflammatory response?
A. Hypothermia, tachycardia, tachypnea
B. Bradycardia, hypertension, constipation
C. Cyanosis only
D. Hyperglycemia only
Answer: A
Rationale: Tachycardia, tachypnea, and abnormal temperature support
systemic inflammation.
10.Sepsis is best defined as:
A. Local infection without inflammation
B. Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host
response to infection
C. Any fever over 38 C
D. Bacteremia without symptoms
Answer: B
Rationale: Sepsis involves an abnormal response leading to organ
dysfunction.
11.Septic shock is characterized by:
A. Hypertension and bradycardia
B. Persistent hypotension requiring vasopressors
C. Mild fever only
D. No tissue hypoperfusion
Answer: B
Rationale: Septic shock reflects severe circulatory and metabolic
dysfunction.
12.Which laboratory value often rises in infection and inflammation?
A. C-reactive protein
B. Potassium only
C. Calcium only
D. Troponin always
Answer: A
Rationale: CRP is an acute-phase reactant that increases with inflammation.
13.A left shift on CBC usually indicates:
A. Increased immature neutrophils
B. Increased platelets only
, C. Decreased oxygenation
D. RBC destruction only
Answer: A
Rationale: A left shift suggests acute infection or inflammation.
14.Leukocytosis is most often associated with:
A. Infection
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Anemia only
D. Hyperlipidemia
Answer: A
Rationale: Elevated white count is commonly seen in infection or stress.
15.Eosinophilia is commonly associated with:
A. Allergic disease or parasitic infection
B. Kidney failure only
C. Bone fracture
D. Hyponatremia
Answer: A
Rationale: Eosinophils are active in allergy and parasitic conditions.
16.Which immunity is immediate and nonspecific?
A. Adaptive immunity
B. Innate immunity
C. Humoral memory
D. Passive immunity only
Answer: B
Rationale: Innate immunity is the body’s first-line, nonspecific defense.
17.Antibodies are produced by:
A. T cells
B. Plasma cells
C. Neutrophils
D. Basophils
Answer: B
Rationale: B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies.
18.The complement system helps by:
A. Increasing tumor growth
B. Enhancing opsonization and cell lysis
Exam | Advanced Pathophysiology |
Expected Q&A | Verified Answers |
Chamberlain | Pass Guaranteed - A+ Graded
1. A cell exposed to severe hypoxia most likely undergoes which early change?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Loss of membrane ion pump function
C. Immediate apoptosis in all cases
D. Increased oxidative phosphorylation
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia reduces ATP, causing failure of membrane pumps and
cellular swelling.
2. Reversible cell injury is most likely when:
A. The insult is brief and mild
B. DNA is completely destroyed
C. Membranes rupture immediately
D. The cell cannot recover at all
Answer: A
Rationale: Mild, short-duration injury often allows recovery if the cause is
removed.
3. The most common cause of apoptosis is:
A. Severe ischemia
B. Programmed cell deletion
C. Bacterial toxin only
D. Acute trauma only
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is controlled cell death used in normal development
and tissue turnover.
4. Which finding is most consistent with necrosis rather than apoptosis?
A. Cell shrinkage without inflammation
B. Cell swelling with inflammation
, C. No membrane damage
D. No enzyme release
Answer: B
Rationale: Necrosis usually causes membrane rupture and inflammation.
5. A patient with chronic inflammation is most likely to have:
A. Rapid complete healing without scarring
B. Ongoing tissue injury and repair
C. No immune cell involvement
D. No cytokine activity
Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation persists because the injurious stimulus
remains or recurs.
6. Which cell is the first major responder in acute inflammation?
A. Neutrophil
B. Eosinophil
C. B cell
D. Plasma cell
Answer: A
Rationale: Neutrophils are the predominant early responders in acute
inflammation.
7. Histamine release during inflammation causes:
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Increased vascular permeability
C. Reduced edema
D. Decreased blood flow
Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine increases permeability and contributes to swelling.
8. A fever during infection is primarily mediated by:
A. Insulin
B. Pyrogens
C. Albumin
D. Hemoglobin
Answer: B
Rationale: Pyrogens reset the hypothalamic set point upward.
,9. Which is a typical sign of systemic inflammatory response?
A. Hypothermia, tachycardia, tachypnea
B. Bradycardia, hypertension, constipation
C. Cyanosis only
D. Hyperglycemia only
Answer: A
Rationale: Tachycardia, tachypnea, and abnormal temperature support
systemic inflammation.
10.Sepsis is best defined as:
A. Local infection without inflammation
B. Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host
response to infection
C. Any fever over 38 C
D. Bacteremia without symptoms
Answer: B
Rationale: Sepsis involves an abnormal response leading to organ
dysfunction.
11.Septic shock is characterized by:
A. Hypertension and bradycardia
B. Persistent hypotension requiring vasopressors
C. Mild fever only
D. No tissue hypoperfusion
Answer: B
Rationale: Septic shock reflects severe circulatory and metabolic
dysfunction.
12.Which laboratory value often rises in infection and inflammation?
A. C-reactive protein
B. Potassium only
C. Calcium only
D. Troponin always
Answer: A
Rationale: CRP is an acute-phase reactant that increases with inflammation.
13.A left shift on CBC usually indicates:
A. Increased immature neutrophils
B. Increased platelets only
, C. Decreased oxygenation
D. RBC destruction only
Answer: A
Rationale: A left shift suggests acute infection or inflammation.
14.Leukocytosis is most often associated with:
A. Infection
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Anemia only
D. Hyperlipidemia
Answer: A
Rationale: Elevated white count is commonly seen in infection or stress.
15.Eosinophilia is commonly associated with:
A. Allergic disease or parasitic infection
B. Kidney failure only
C. Bone fracture
D. Hyponatremia
Answer: A
Rationale: Eosinophils are active in allergy and parasitic conditions.
16.Which immunity is immediate and nonspecific?
A. Adaptive immunity
B. Innate immunity
C. Humoral memory
D. Passive immunity only
Answer: B
Rationale: Innate immunity is the body’s first-line, nonspecific defense.
17.Antibodies are produced by:
A. T cells
B. Plasma cells
C. Neutrophils
D. Basophils
Answer: B
Rationale: B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies.
18.The complement system helps by:
A. Increasing tumor growth
B. Enhancing opsonization and cell lysis
