NSG 525: Exam 2 Review Questions
and All Correct Answers 2026
Updated.
peritoneum - Answer a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and forms a
protective cover for many of the abdominal organs
mesentery - Answer a fan-shaped fold of the peritoneum that covers most of the small
intestine and anchors it to the posterior abdominal wall
alimentary tract - Answer a 27-foot tube that runs from the mouth to the anus
includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
functions to ingest and digest food; absorbs nutrients, electrolytes, and water; and excrete
waste product
esophagus - Answer a collapsible tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach
posterior to the trachea
stomach - Answer lies transversely in the upper abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm
secretes hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes that break down fats and proteins
consists of three sections:
fundus
body
pyloris
fundus - Answer lies above and to the left of the cardiac orifice
body of stomach - Answer middle two thirds of the stomach
pylorus - Answer most distal portion of the stomach that narrows and terminates in the
pyloric orifice
pepsin - Answer digests proteins
gastric lipase - Answer digests fats
,small intestine - Answer 21 feet long
begins at pylorus and ends at the large intestine at the ileocecal valve
completes digestion through the action of pancreatic enzymes, bile, and several other enzymes
nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the small intestine
the functional surface area of the small intestine is increased by its circular folds and villi
duodenum - Answer first 12 inches of the small intestine
forms a c-shaped curve around the head of pancreas
common bile duct and pancreatic duct - Answer open into the duodenum at the duodenal
papilla
jejunum - Answer middle 8 feet of small intestine
ileum - Answer final 12 feet of the small intestine
ileocecal valve - Answer valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the
large intestine that prevents backward flow of fecal material
large intestine - Answer 4.5-5 feet long, diameter 2.5 inches
main functions are to absorb water and transport waste
cecum - Answer first part of the large intestine
a blind pouch 2-3 inches long
vermiform appendix - Answer extends from the base of the cecum
ascending colon - Answer rises from the cecum along the right posterior abdominal wall to
the undersurface of the liver
turns toward the midline at the hepatic flexure and becomes the transverse colon
transverse colon - Answer crosses the abdominal cavity toward the spleen and turns
downward at the splenic flexure and becomes the descending colon
descending colon - Answer continues along the left abdominal wall to the rim of the pelvis,
where it turns medially and inferiorly to form the s-shaped sigmoid colon
,rectum - Answer extends from the sigmoid colon to the muscles of the pelvic floor
it continues as the anal canal and terminates at the anus
putrefication - Answer decomposition of undigested food residue, unabsorbed amino acids,
cell debris, and dead bacteria from live bacteria
liver - Answer heaviest organ in the body (around 3 lbs); 4 lobes
lies in the right upper quadrant (RUQ), just below the diaphragm and above the gallbladder,
right kidney, and the hepatic flexure of the colon
liver functions - Answer helps metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
storage of several vitamins and iron
detoxification of potentially harmful substances
production of antibodies
conjugation and excretion of steroid hormones
production of prothrombin, fibrinogen, and other substances for blood coagulation
production of the majority of proteins circulating in the plasma
synthesizes bile
converts fat-soluble wastes into water-soluble material for renal excretion
lobule - Answer the functional unit of the liver
made up of liver cells radiating around a central vein
branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct penetrate to the periphery of the
lobules
common bile duct - Answer is formed by the joining of the hepatic duct which carries bile
secreted by the liver cells from the bile ducts and, the cystic duct from the gallbladder
hepatic artery - Answer transports blood to the liver directly from the aorta
portal vein - Answer carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract and spleen to the
liver
three hepatic veins - Answer carry blood from the liver and empty into the inferior vena cava
, glucose - Answer gets converted and stored as glycogen until, in response to varying levels of
insulin and regulator hormones, it is reconverted and released again as glucose
gluconeogenesis - Answer conversion of amino acids into glucose
hydrolysis - Answer breakdown of proteins to amino acids
the waste product is converted to urea for excretion by the kidneys
gall bladder - Answer sac-like, pear-shaped organ; 4 inches long
lies recessed in the inferior surface of the liver
concentrates and stores bile from the liver
cholecystokinin - Answer a hormone that is secreted by cells in the duodenum and stimulates
the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas
bile - Answer composed of cholesterol, bile salts, and pigments
maintains the alkaline pH of the small intestine, permitting emulsification of fats so that
absorption of lipids can be accomplished
pancreas - Answer lies behind and beneath the stomach, with its head resting in the curve of
the duodenum and tip extending across the abdominal cavity to almost touch the spleen
acinar cells of pancreas - Answer produce digestive juices containing inactive enzymes for the
breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
pancreatic duct - Answer duct of Wirsung
empties into the duodenum at the duodenal papilla, once introduced into the duodenum the
digestive enzymes are activated
islet cells - Answer scattered throughout the pancreas
produce insulin and glucagon
spleen - Answer in the left upper quadrant (LUQ), above the left kidney and below the
diaphragm
and All Correct Answers 2026
Updated.
peritoneum - Answer a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and forms a
protective cover for many of the abdominal organs
mesentery - Answer a fan-shaped fold of the peritoneum that covers most of the small
intestine and anchors it to the posterior abdominal wall
alimentary tract - Answer a 27-foot tube that runs from the mouth to the anus
includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
functions to ingest and digest food; absorbs nutrients, electrolytes, and water; and excrete
waste product
esophagus - Answer a collapsible tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach
posterior to the trachea
stomach - Answer lies transversely in the upper abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm
secretes hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes that break down fats and proteins
consists of three sections:
fundus
body
pyloris
fundus - Answer lies above and to the left of the cardiac orifice
body of stomach - Answer middle two thirds of the stomach
pylorus - Answer most distal portion of the stomach that narrows and terminates in the
pyloric orifice
pepsin - Answer digests proteins
gastric lipase - Answer digests fats
,small intestine - Answer 21 feet long
begins at pylorus and ends at the large intestine at the ileocecal valve
completes digestion through the action of pancreatic enzymes, bile, and several other enzymes
nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the small intestine
the functional surface area of the small intestine is increased by its circular folds and villi
duodenum - Answer first 12 inches of the small intestine
forms a c-shaped curve around the head of pancreas
common bile duct and pancreatic duct - Answer open into the duodenum at the duodenal
papilla
jejunum - Answer middle 8 feet of small intestine
ileum - Answer final 12 feet of the small intestine
ileocecal valve - Answer valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the
large intestine that prevents backward flow of fecal material
large intestine - Answer 4.5-5 feet long, diameter 2.5 inches
main functions are to absorb water and transport waste
cecum - Answer first part of the large intestine
a blind pouch 2-3 inches long
vermiform appendix - Answer extends from the base of the cecum
ascending colon - Answer rises from the cecum along the right posterior abdominal wall to
the undersurface of the liver
turns toward the midline at the hepatic flexure and becomes the transverse colon
transverse colon - Answer crosses the abdominal cavity toward the spleen and turns
downward at the splenic flexure and becomes the descending colon
descending colon - Answer continues along the left abdominal wall to the rim of the pelvis,
where it turns medially and inferiorly to form the s-shaped sigmoid colon
,rectum - Answer extends from the sigmoid colon to the muscles of the pelvic floor
it continues as the anal canal and terminates at the anus
putrefication - Answer decomposition of undigested food residue, unabsorbed amino acids,
cell debris, and dead bacteria from live bacteria
liver - Answer heaviest organ in the body (around 3 lbs); 4 lobes
lies in the right upper quadrant (RUQ), just below the diaphragm and above the gallbladder,
right kidney, and the hepatic flexure of the colon
liver functions - Answer helps metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
storage of several vitamins and iron
detoxification of potentially harmful substances
production of antibodies
conjugation and excretion of steroid hormones
production of prothrombin, fibrinogen, and other substances for blood coagulation
production of the majority of proteins circulating in the plasma
synthesizes bile
converts fat-soluble wastes into water-soluble material for renal excretion
lobule - Answer the functional unit of the liver
made up of liver cells radiating around a central vein
branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct penetrate to the periphery of the
lobules
common bile duct - Answer is formed by the joining of the hepatic duct which carries bile
secreted by the liver cells from the bile ducts and, the cystic duct from the gallbladder
hepatic artery - Answer transports blood to the liver directly from the aorta
portal vein - Answer carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract and spleen to the
liver
three hepatic veins - Answer carry blood from the liver and empty into the inferior vena cava
, glucose - Answer gets converted and stored as glycogen until, in response to varying levels of
insulin and regulator hormones, it is reconverted and released again as glucose
gluconeogenesis - Answer conversion of amino acids into glucose
hydrolysis - Answer breakdown of proteins to amino acids
the waste product is converted to urea for excretion by the kidneys
gall bladder - Answer sac-like, pear-shaped organ; 4 inches long
lies recessed in the inferior surface of the liver
concentrates and stores bile from the liver
cholecystokinin - Answer a hormone that is secreted by cells in the duodenum and stimulates
the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas
bile - Answer composed of cholesterol, bile salts, and pigments
maintains the alkaline pH of the small intestine, permitting emulsification of fats so that
absorption of lipids can be accomplished
pancreas - Answer lies behind and beneath the stomach, with its head resting in the curve of
the duodenum and tip extending across the abdominal cavity to almost touch the spleen
acinar cells of pancreas - Answer produce digestive juices containing inactive enzymes for the
breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
pancreatic duct - Answer duct of Wirsung
empties into the duodenum at the duodenal papilla, once introduced into the duodenum the
digestive enzymes are activated
islet cells - Answer scattered throughout the pancreas
produce insulin and glucagon
spleen - Answer in the left upper quadrant (LUQ), above the left kidney and below the
diaphragm
