NSG 3850 PATHO 2 EXAM 2
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLIUTIONS ALREADY
PASSED!!!
Question 1: Which statement accurately describes the physiological state of
hypoventilation?
A) An excessive delivery of air to the alveoli that causes a rapid drop in
blood carbon dioxide levels
B) Insufficient delivery of air to the alveoli, failing to provide adequate
oxygen (O_2) and clear out carbon dioxide (CO_2) ✔️✔️
C) A temporary cessation of breathing triggered exclusively by cold water
immersion
D) An increase in dead space ventilation with completely normal arterial gas
parameters
Question 2: Which group of clinical factors and conditions is known to directly
induce hypoventilation by depressing the respiratory drive or restricting chest
mechanics?
A) Central nervous system stimulants, low-fat diets, and regular physical
exercise
B) Severe pain, panic attacks, extreme heat exposure, and high altitude
C) Respiratory depressant drugs (like morphine or barbiturates), obesity,
obstructive sleep apnea, and respiratory muscle paralysis ✔️✔️
D) Hyperthyroidism, localized physical trauma to the kidney, and mild
hyponatremia
Question 3: What occurs mechanically and biochemically within the respiratory
system during hyperventilation?
A) Airway resistance increases, leading to a profound retention of carbon
dioxide inside the blood
, B) An increased volume of air enters the alveoli, resulting in a marked drop
in arterial carbon dioxide pressure (P_aCO_2) ✔️✔️
C) Oxygen-carrying hemoglobin molecules break down rapidly due to
shifting blood pH levels
D) Alveolar surface area shrinks, preventing any gas exchange from taking
place
Question 4: Which combination of triggers is recognized as common causes of
hyperventilation?
A) Severe pain, intense anxiety, high-altitude exposure, sepsis, fever,
brainstem injury, and obstructive/restrictive lung diseases ✔️✔️
B) Deep stage-four sleep, sedative overdose, severe hypothermia, and
muscular dystrophy
C) Chronic renal failure, high dietary sodium intake, and unmanaged fecal
impaction
D) Decreased portal vein pressure, dehydration, and a low-protein diet
hypoxemia -ANSWER ✔️✔️deficient levels of blood oxygen
hypoxia -ANSWER ✔️✔️decreased tissue oxygenation
What are the types of hypoxia? -ANSWER ✔️✔️hypoxic hypoxia - high altitude,
hypoventilation
anemic hypoxia
circulatory hypoxia - decreased cardiac output
histotoxic hypoxia - cyanide poisoning
what are the CM of hypoxia? -ANSWER ✔️✔️RAT BED
,Restlessness
Anxiety
Tachycardia/tachypnea
Bradycardia
Extreme restlessness
Dyspnea
What is the patho of acute bronchitis? -ANSWER ✔️✔️acute inflammation of the
trachea and bronchi
airways become inflammed and narrowed from capillary dilation
These factors can cause acute bronchitis -ANSWER ✔️✔️smoke/chemical
inhalation
heat
allergic reaction
What can cause chronic bronchitis? -ANSWER ✔️✔️cigarette smoking
inhalation of chemical and physical irritants
repeated airway infections
What would you see with chronic bronchitis? -ANSWER ✔️✔️hypersecretion of
bronchial walls
hyperplasia of broncial mucous glands
pulmonary hypertension
, scarring of bronchial mucosa
What type of COPD is associated with chronic bronchitis and what would you see?
-ANSWER ✔️✔️Type B COPD - Blue Bloater
cyanotic
increased sputum production
hypoxia
exertional dyspnea
digital clubbing
increased HGB and RR
overweight
chronic cough
wheezing
What would you see with emphysema? -ANSWER ✔️✔️destructive changes of the
alveolar walls
abnormal enlargement of distal air sacs
air trapping
What are some factors that cause emphysema? -ANSWER ✔️✔️cigarette smoking
(>70 packs a year)
air pollution
occupations (welding, mining)
a1-antitrypsin deficiency
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLIUTIONS ALREADY
PASSED!!!
Question 1: Which statement accurately describes the physiological state of
hypoventilation?
A) An excessive delivery of air to the alveoli that causes a rapid drop in
blood carbon dioxide levels
B) Insufficient delivery of air to the alveoli, failing to provide adequate
oxygen (O_2) and clear out carbon dioxide (CO_2) ✔️✔️
C) A temporary cessation of breathing triggered exclusively by cold water
immersion
D) An increase in dead space ventilation with completely normal arterial gas
parameters
Question 2: Which group of clinical factors and conditions is known to directly
induce hypoventilation by depressing the respiratory drive or restricting chest
mechanics?
A) Central nervous system stimulants, low-fat diets, and regular physical
exercise
B) Severe pain, panic attacks, extreme heat exposure, and high altitude
C) Respiratory depressant drugs (like morphine or barbiturates), obesity,
obstructive sleep apnea, and respiratory muscle paralysis ✔️✔️
D) Hyperthyroidism, localized physical trauma to the kidney, and mild
hyponatremia
Question 3: What occurs mechanically and biochemically within the respiratory
system during hyperventilation?
A) Airway resistance increases, leading to a profound retention of carbon
dioxide inside the blood
, B) An increased volume of air enters the alveoli, resulting in a marked drop
in arterial carbon dioxide pressure (P_aCO_2) ✔️✔️
C) Oxygen-carrying hemoglobin molecules break down rapidly due to
shifting blood pH levels
D) Alveolar surface area shrinks, preventing any gas exchange from taking
place
Question 4: Which combination of triggers is recognized as common causes of
hyperventilation?
A) Severe pain, intense anxiety, high-altitude exposure, sepsis, fever,
brainstem injury, and obstructive/restrictive lung diseases ✔️✔️
B) Deep stage-four sleep, sedative overdose, severe hypothermia, and
muscular dystrophy
C) Chronic renal failure, high dietary sodium intake, and unmanaged fecal
impaction
D) Decreased portal vein pressure, dehydration, and a low-protein diet
hypoxemia -ANSWER ✔️✔️deficient levels of blood oxygen
hypoxia -ANSWER ✔️✔️decreased tissue oxygenation
What are the types of hypoxia? -ANSWER ✔️✔️hypoxic hypoxia - high altitude,
hypoventilation
anemic hypoxia
circulatory hypoxia - decreased cardiac output
histotoxic hypoxia - cyanide poisoning
what are the CM of hypoxia? -ANSWER ✔️✔️RAT BED
,Restlessness
Anxiety
Tachycardia/tachypnea
Bradycardia
Extreme restlessness
Dyspnea
What is the patho of acute bronchitis? -ANSWER ✔️✔️acute inflammation of the
trachea and bronchi
airways become inflammed and narrowed from capillary dilation
These factors can cause acute bronchitis -ANSWER ✔️✔️smoke/chemical
inhalation
heat
allergic reaction
What can cause chronic bronchitis? -ANSWER ✔️✔️cigarette smoking
inhalation of chemical and physical irritants
repeated airway infections
What would you see with chronic bronchitis? -ANSWER ✔️✔️hypersecretion of
bronchial walls
hyperplasia of broncial mucous glands
pulmonary hypertension
, scarring of bronchial mucosa
What type of COPD is associated with chronic bronchitis and what would you see?
-ANSWER ✔️✔️Type B COPD - Blue Bloater
cyanotic
increased sputum production
hypoxia
exertional dyspnea
digital clubbing
increased HGB and RR
overweight
chronic cough
wheezing
What would you see with emphysema? -ANSWER ✔️✔️destructive changes of the
alveolar walls
abnormal enlargement of distal air sacs
air trapping
What are some factors that cause emphysema? -ANSWER ✔️✔️cigarette smoking
(>70 packs a year)
air pollution
occupations (welding, mining)
a1-antitrypsin deficiency
