ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FINAL
EXAM 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
PUD (Peptic Ulcer Disease) Treatment of H. Pylori
Proton Pump Inhibitor (Prilosec/Protonix/Prevacid, Nexium)
+Clarithomycin
and/or
Amoxicillin/Metronidazole (Flagyl)
x 4-6 weeks
2nd line tetracycline, bismuth
Screening tools for Ulcerative Colitis
Truelove & Witts criteria
Mayo score for UC
Heparin is a naturally occurring anticoagulant released by
mast cells. Unfractionated Heparin:
Activates antithrombin III, blocks intrinsic clotting pathway;
aPTT 3x normal is therapeutic.
Indicated for: DVT, PE, MI/ACS, acute arterial thrombus,
unstable angina, and procedures.
Reverse bleeding with Protamine Sulfate.
Low molecular weight heparin
(LMWH): Enoxaprin/Lovenox
1mg/kg twice daily OR 1.5mg/kg daily
Treatment & Prevention of ACS, VTE especially post-op and
immobile patients.
,Reverse bleeding with Protamine Sulfate.
Advantage of Lovenox over Heparin is bioavailability, longer
half-life/duration, less intensive monitoring and more
predictable response; therefore, it may be used in outpatient
care.
Amiodarone Toxicities:
- Hyperthyroidism from the iodine
- Lung Fibrosis
- Hepatotoxicity
- Blue Skin Discoloration
Amiodarone (40% iodine) - is unique in that it possesses
characteristics of all 4 antiarrythmic drug classes; primarily it is
a K+ channel blocker but it also blocks Na+, Ca+, and Beta. It
has minimal to no inotropic effects which makes it one of the
few AADs that can be safely given to patients with HFrEF. It is
widely biodistributed and has long half-life - needs loading
doses and its effect may take months, which is also why it may
be given repeatedly during ACLS.
Digoxin Mechanism of Action
slows and strengthens heart
in Heart Failure & Afib
↑contractility but ↓HR
inhibits Na+/K+ pump, increases Ca+ pump
Dig toxicity => green visuals, more arrhythmias
Anticoagulation Therapy in Afib
, Prevention of CVA
CHADS score ≥ 2 men, ≥ 3 women
Warfarin 1st line especially if mechanical valve or low creatinine
clearance. Reverse with Vitamin K, PCC.
2nd line = Pradaxa, Eliquis, Xarelto.
No PT/INRs needed. Reverse with PCC.
ASCVD risk factors
"SAD CHF"
smoker
age
diabetes
cholesterol, lipids
hypertension
family history
anti-hypertensive dihydropyridines (the pines)
selective calcium-channel blockers (CCBs) only relaxes smooth
muscle of the vessels: Amlodipine (Norvasc)
non-dihydropyridines "work harder"
(Verapamil & Diltiazem/Cardizem)
non-selective CCBs have 3 mechanisms of action:
relax smooth cardiac muscle (dilation), ↓HR and ↓contractility
Treats: SVT, Afib, Vtach
Target LDL
EXAM 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
PUD (Peptic Ulcer Disease) Treatment of H. Pylori
Proton Pump Inhibitor (Prilosec/Protonix/Prevacid, Nexium)
+Clarithomycin
and/or
Amoxicillin/Metronidazole (Flagyl)
x 4-6 weeks
2nd line tetracycline, bismuth
Screening tools for Ulcerative Colitis
Truelove & Witts criteria
Mayo score for UC
Heparin is a naturally occurring anticoagulant released by
mast cells. Unfractionated Heparin:
Activates antithrombin III, blocks intrinsic clotting pathway;
aPTT 3x normal is therapeutic.
Indicated for: DVT, PE, MI/ACS, acute arterial thrombus,
unstable angina, and procedures.
Reverse bleeding with Protamine Sulfate.
Low molecular weight heparin
(LMWH): Enoxaprin/Lovenox
1mg/kg twice daily OR 1.5mg/kg daily
Treatment & Prevention of ACS, VTE especially post-op and
immobile patients.
,Reverse bleeding with Protamine Sulfate.
Advantage of Lovenox over Heparin is bioavailability, longer
half-life/duration, less intensive monitoring and more
predictable response; therefore, it may be used in outpatient
care.
Amiodarone Toxicities:
- Hyperthyroidism from the iodine
- Lung Fibrosis
- Hepatotoxicity
- Blue Skin Discoloration
Amiodarone (40% iodine) - is unique in that it possesses
characteristics of all 4 antiarrythmic drug classes; primarily it is
a K+ channel blocker but it also blocks Na+, Ca+, and Beta. It
has minimal to no inotropic effects which makes it one of the
few AADs that can be safely given to patients with HFrEF. It is
widely biodistributed and has long half-life - needs loading
doses and its effect may take months, which is also why it may
be given repeatedly during ACLS.
Digoxin Mechanism of Action
slows and strengthens heart
in Heart Failure & Afib
↑contractility but ↓HR
inhibits Na+/K+ pump, increases Ca+ pump
Dig toxicity => green visuals, more arrhythmias
Anticoagulation Therapy in Afib
, Prevention of CVA
CHADS score ≥ 2 men, ≥ 3 women
Warfarin 1st line especially if mechanical valve or low creatinine
clearance. Reverse with Vitamin K, PCC.
2nd line = Pradaxa, Eliquis, Xarelto.
No PT/INRs needed. Reverse with PCC.
ASCVD risk factors
"SAD CHF"
smoker
age
diabetes
cholesterol, lipids
hypertension
family history
anti-hypertensive dihydropyridines (the pines)
selective calcium-channel blockers (CCBs) only relaxes smooth
muscle of the vessels: Amlodipine (Norvasc)
non-dihydropyridines "work harder"
(Verapamil & Diltiazem/Cardizem)
non-selective CCBs have 3 mechanisms of action:
relax smooth cardiac muscle (dilation), ↓HR and ↓contractility
Treats: SVT, Afib, Vtach
Target LDL
