WESTERN GOVERNORS UNIVERSITY
C458 HEALTH, FITNESS AND WELLNESS
| COMPREHENSIVE OBJECTIVE
ASSESSMENT STUDY GUIDE 2026|
GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
Exam Prep and Comprehensive Rationales Included
,Binge eating disorder (BED) episodes of binge eating characterized by eating rapidly, eating large amounts of
food even when not feeling hungry, and feeling guilty or depressed after
overeating.
Obesity 15 to 20 percent above normal weight. Poor dietary patterns; include increased
intake of sugars in sweetened soft drinks, foods, and meals of high energy, low
nutrient density, and large portion sizes. At risk for serious health problems such
as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer.
Minerals inorganic material. Form body parts (teeth and bones), maintain acid-base
neutrality, regulate nerve impulses, osmotic pressure, and electrolyte balance
Major minerals needed by the body:
• calcium—milk, cheese, sardines, salmon, green vegetables
• phosphorus—milk, cheese, lean meat
• potassium—oranges, bananas, dried fruits
• sulfur—eggs, poultry, fish
• sodium—table salt, beef, eggs, cheese
• chloride—table salt, meat
• magnesium—green vegetables, whole grains
Trace minerals required in lesser amounts, and include iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, copper,
iodine, fluorine, chromium, molybdenum, and manganese
HDL cholesterol (high density lipoproteins) protect the body against heart disease. Often called "good" cholesterol.
LDL cholesterol (low density lipoproteins) most cholesterol in the blood is of this type. Often referred to as the bad
cholesterol. high levels in the blood increases the risk of fatty deposits forming in
the arteries, which in turn increases the risk of a heart attack
Lipoproteins large molecules of fat and protein in the bloodstream; how cholesterol is
transported
Antioxidants slow the aging process. Reduce cellular damage by binding with free radicals
produced during oxidation reactions
Oxidation reactions the energy-yielding reactions in which either an oxygen atom adds an electron to
or a hydrogen atom removes an electron from a substrate (a group of atoms or
molecule)—the net result is a substrate that has had a partial or complete loss of a
negatively charge particle, an electron. Two partially charged atoms or groups of
atoms, one positively charged and the other negatively charged, now exist
, Free radical (Oxidant) any atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired electron. Because electrons
typically function in pairs, these are very prone to binding to other substrates in an
effort to regain this paired status. When this happens in the human body, there is
potential for a great deal of damage.
Carbohydrates produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Found in foods as monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Sources include fruits, vegetables, pasta, and
rice which consist of simple sugars and starches
Protein produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Sources include meats and milk.
Composed of 8 essential(provided by the diet) and 12 nonessential(synthesized
by the body) amino acids. Perform many functions including building cells and
tissues, forming blood and enzymes, and fighting infection.
means primary, and no organism can live, and almost no biological process can
take place, without it
Lipids produce 9 calories of energy per gram. Organic compounds that do not readily
dissolve in water; based on their solubility, they are classified into triglycerides
(more commonly known as fats), phospholipids, and sterols
Incomplete protein proteins that are lacking one or more of the essential amino acids
Glycogen the polysaccharide form in which glucose is stored in the liver
Glucose simple sugar. The only source of energy that brain cells use to function
Triglycerides (Fats) Solid at room temperature. Group of chemical compounds that contain fatty acids,
often in very long strands. Most concentrated source of energy in the diet.
Provides much of the stored energy of the body. Insulate body organs against
changes in environmental temperature. Protect the organs and underlying tissues
by acting as a shock absorber.
Water essential component of body structure. Second only to oxygen in importance to
body functioning. Acts as a solvent for minerals and other physiologically
important compounds. In the body, it transports nutrients to and waste products
from the cells and helps regulate body temperature. Comes from fluids and solids
in the diet and also is produced by the metabolic processing of energy nutrients
within the tissues
Oils liquid at room temperature.
C458 HEALTH, FITNESS AND WELLNESS
| COMPREHENSIVE OBJECTIVE
ASSESSMENT STUDY GUIDE 2026|
GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
Exam Prep and Comprehensive Rationales Included
,Binge eating disorder (BED) episodes of binge eating characterized by eating rapidly, eating large amounts of
food even when not feeling hungry, and feeling guilty or depressed after
overeating.
Obesity 15 to 20 percent above normal weight. Poor dietary patterns; include increased
intake of sugars in sweetened soft drinks, foods, and meals of high energy, low
nutrient density, and large portion sizes. At risk for serious health problems such
as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer.
Minerals inorganic material. Form body parts (teeth and bones), maintain acid-base
neutrality, regulate nerve impulses, osmotic pressure, and electrolyte balance
Major minerals needed by the body:
• calcium—milk, cheese, sardines, salmon, green vegetables
• phosphorus—milk, cheese, lean meat
• potassium—oranges, bananas, dried fruits
• sulfur—eggs, poultry, fish
• sodium—table salt, beef, eggs, cheese
• chloride—table salt, meat
• magnesium—green vegetables, whole grains
Trace minerals required in lesser amounts, and include iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, copper,
iodine, fluorine, chromium, molybdenum, and manganese
HDL cholesterol (high density lipoproteins) protect the body against heart disease. Often called "good" cholesterol.
LDL cholesterol (low density lipoproteins) most cholesterol in the blood is of this type. Often referred to as the bad
cholesterol. high levels in the blood increases the risk of fatty deposits forming in
the arteries, which in turn increases the risk of a heart attack
Lipoproteins large molecules of fat and protein in the bloodstream; how cholesterol is
transported
Antioxidants slow the aging process. Reduce cellular damage by binding with free radicals
produced during oxidation reactions
Oxidation reactions the energy-yielding reactions in which either an oxygen atom adds an electron to
or a hydrogen atom removes an electron from a substrate (a group of atoms or
molecule)—the net result is a substrate that has had a partial or complete loss of a
negatively charge particle, an electron. Two partially charged atoms or groups of
atoms, one positively charged and the other negatively charged, now exist
, Free radical (Oxidant) any atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired electron. Because electrons
typically function in pairs, these are very prone to binding to other substrates in an
effort to regain this paired status. When this happens in the human body, there is
potential for a great deal of damage.
Carbohydrates produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Found in foods as monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Sources include fruits, vegetables, pasta, and
rice which consist of simple sugars and starches
Protein produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Sources include meats and milk.
Composed of 8 essential(provided by the diet) and 12 nonessential(synthesized
by the body) amino acids. Perform many functions including building cells and
tissues, forming blood and enzymes, and fighting infection.
means primary, and no organism can live, and almost no biological process can
take place, without it
Lipids produce 9 calories of energy per gram. Organic compounds that do not readily
dissolve in water; based on their solubility, they are classified into triglycerides
(more commonly known as fats), phospholipids, and sterols
Incomplete protein proteins that are lacking one or more of the essential amino acids
Glycogen the polysaccharide form in which glucose is stored in the liver
Glucose simple sugar. The only source of energy that brain cells use to function
Triglycerides (Fats) Solid at room temperature. Group of chemical compounds that contain fatty acids,
often in very long strands. Most concentrated source of energy in the diet.
Provides much of the stored energy of the body. Insulate body organs against
changes in environmental temperature. Protect the organs and underlying tissues
by acting as a shock absorber.
Water essential component of body structure. Second only to oxygen in importance to
body functioning. Acts as a solvent for minerals and other physiologically
important compounds. In the body, it transports nutrients to and waste products
from the cells and helps regulate body temperature. Comes from fluids and solids
in the diet and also is produced by the metabolic processing of energy nutrients
within the tissues
Oils liquid at room temperature.
