PAPER ONE: MEMORY
TOPIC: Working memory model
A01:
BADDELEY & HITCH created the WMM as they argued that STM is more complex
Central executive:
- Attentional process that monitors incoming data from our senses and allocates slave
systems to tasks
Phonological loop (1st slave system):
- Deals with auditory info and the order of info
- Divided into 2 subparts:
1. Phonological store = stores recently heard words
2. Articulatory control system = keeps info in the PL through sub-vocal repetition of info
Visuo-spatial sketchpad (2nd slave system):
- Stores visual and spatial info
- Limited capacity = 3-4 objects
- Researcher Logie = subdivided it into:
1. The visual cache = stores visual data
2. Inner scribe = records the arrangement of objects
Episodic buffer (3rd slave system):
- Added by Baddeley in 2000
- Temporary store that integrates the visual, spatial, verbal info processed by the other
stores
- Limited capacity = 4 chunks
- Links STM to LTM
A03:
X - Central executive has a lack of clarity
Least understood component and doesn’t really explain anything
Questions the validity of the WMM as it hasn’t been fully explained/is incomplete
CA: Braver et al had p’s do tasks involving the CE while having a brain scan and activity was
seen in the prefrontal cortex providing evidence of the CE having physical reality in the brain
✓ - Studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the VSS
Baddeley et al showed p’s had more difficulty performing 2 visual tasks at the same time in
comparison to a visual and verbal task at the same time
Suggests there must be a separate slave system that processes visual input as the model
suggests
✓ - Research support from Shallice & Warrington’s case study of patient KF
KF had poor STM ability for verbal info but could process visual info normally
Supports the existence of the separate visual and acoustic store
CA: However, evidence from brain-damaged patients may not be reliable as it concerns
unique cases
, PAPER ONE: MEMORY
TOPIC: Types of LTM
A01:
TULVING proposed that there are 3 LTM stores:
Episodic memory (explicit, conscious, declarative)
- Gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences
- Time stamped (remember what happened, objects, places, people)
- Brain parts: prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe
Semantic memory (explicit)
- Contains all knowledge (facts, concepts, meanings)
- Not time stamped
- Constantly being added to
- Brain parts: temporal lobe, hippocampus
Procedural memory (implicit, non-declarative)
- Permits individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought
- Allow people to simultaneously perform other tasks that require cognitive attention
- Usually occur early in life (motor skills like walking)
- Brain parts: basal ganglia, cerebellum
A03:
X - Argued to only be 2 types of LTM
Cohen & Squire argued episodic and semantic memory can be stored together in one LTM
store known as declarative memory
However, they agreed procedural memory is distinctly different and call it non-declarative
I&D = BOTH NOMOTHETIC & IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH, attempts to generate universal
laws of cognitive processes including our different types of LTM but also uses case studies
✓ - Neuroimaging evidence shows that different types of memory are stored in different
parts of the brain
Tulving et al got p’s to perform various tasks while their brains were being scanned and
found episodic and semantic memories are both recalled from the prefrontal cortex
Supports the view there is a physical reality in the brain to different types of LTM
Also been confirmed in many other studies, supporting its validity
✓ - Support from case studies
Studies of amnesia (HM & Clive Wearing) showed both had difficulty recalling events that
had happened to them in their pasts (episodic) but their semantic/procedural memories were
unaffected
Supports that LTM has separate stores as one store can be damaged but the others are left
unaffected
CA: Case studies can’t be generalised, unreliable
I&D = SOCIALLY SENSITIVE RESEARCH, HM’s identity hidden from researchers until his
death, could be argued the same protection should’ve been extended to Clive Wearing
TOPIC: Working memory model
A01:
BADDELEY & HITCH created the WMM as they argued that STM is more complex
Central executive:
- Attentional process that monitors incoming data from our senses and allocates slave
systems to tasks
Phonological loop (1st slave system):
- Deals with auditory info and the order of info
- Divided into 2 subparts:
1. Phonological store = stores recently heard words
2. Articulatory control system = keeps info in the PL through sub-vocal repetition of info
Visuo-spatial sketchpad (2nd slave system):
- Stores visual and spatial info
- Limited capacity = 3-4 objects
- Researcher Logie = subdivided it into:
1. The visual cache = stores visual data
2. Inner scribe = records the arrangement of objects
Episodic buffer (3rd slave system):
- Added by Baddeley in 2000
- Temporary store that integrates the visual, spatial, verbal info processed by the other
stores
- Limited capacity = 4 chunks
- Links STM to LTM
A03:
X - Central executive has a lack of clarity
Least understood component and doesn’t really explain anything
Questions the validity of the WMM as it hasn’t been fully explained/is incomplete
CA: Braver et al had p’s do tasks involving the CE while having a brain scan and activity was
seen in the prefrontal cortex providing evidence of the CE having physical reality in the brain
✓ - Studies of dual-task performance support the separate existence of the VSS
Baddeley et al showed p’s had more difficulty performing 2 visual tasks at the same time in
comparison to a visual and verbal task at the same time
Suggests there must be a separate slave system that processes visual input as the model
suggests
✓ - Research support from Shallice & Warrington’s case study of patient KF
KF had poor STM ability for verbal info but could process visual info normally
Supports the existence of the separate visual and acoustic store
CA: However, evidence from brain-damaged patients may not be reliable as it concerns
unique cases
, PAPER ONE: MEMORY
TOPIC: Types of LTM
A01:
TULVING proposed that there are 3 LTM stores:
Episodic memory (explicit, conscious, declarative)
- Gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences
- Time stamped (remember what happened, objects, places, people)
- Brain parts: prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe
Semantic memory (explicit)
- Contains all knowledge (facts, concepts, meanings)
- Not time stamped
- Constantly being added to
- Brain parts: temporal lobe, hippocampus
Procedural memory (implicit, non-declarative)
- Permits individuals to perform learned tasks with little conscious thought
- Allow people to simultaneously perform other tasks that require cognitive attention
- Usually occur early in life (motor skills like walking)
- Brain parts: basal ganglia, cerebellum
A03:
X - Argued to only be 2 types of LTM
Cohen & Squire argued episodic and semantic memory can be stored together in one LTM
store known as declarative memory
However, they agreed procedural memory is distinctly different and call it non-declarative
I&D = BOTH NOMOTHETIC & IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH, attempts to generate universal
laws of cognitive processes including our different types of LTM but also uses case studies
✓ - Neuroimaging evidence shows that different types of memory are stored in different
parts of the brain
Tulving et al got p’s to perform various tasks while their brains were being scanned and
found episodic and semantic memories are both recalled from the prefrontal cortex
Supports the view there is a physical reality in the brain to different types of LTM
Also been confirmed in many other studies, supporting its validity
✓ - Support from case studies
Studies of amnesia (HM & Clive Wearing) showed both had difficulty recalling events that
had happened to them in their pasts (episodic) but their semantic/procedural memories were
unaffected
Supports that LTM has separate stores as one store can be damaged but the others are left
unaffected
CA: Case studies can’t be generalised, unreliable
I&D = SOCIALLY SENSITIVE RESEARCH, HM’s identity hidden from researchers until his
death, could be argued the same protection should’ve been extended to Clive Wearing
