NURS 8022 – Exam 2 (2025/2026) Complete
Questions and Answers – Already A+ Exam Format
| 200 Questions with Correct Answers | Advanced
Pathophysiology ALREADY GARDED A+
SECTION 1: FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE (Questions 1–40)
1. A nurse is teaching the staff about antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which information should
the nurse include? Secretion of ADH is stimulated by:
A) Decreased plasma osmolality
B) Increased plasma osmolality
C) Increased blood volume
D) Decreased blood pressure only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ADH secretion is stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, decreased circulating
blood volume, and decreased blood pressure. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect
increased osmolality and trigger ADH release from the posterior pituitary .
2. Which statement by the staff indicates teaching was successful concerning aldosterone?
Secretion of aldosterone results in:
A) Decreased blood volume
B) Increased blood volume
C) Decreased sodium reabsorption
D) Increased potassium reabsorption
Correct Answer: B
,Rationale: Aldosterone secretion results in increased blood volume by promoting sodium and
water reabsorption in the renal tubules while excreting potassium. This restores renal perfusion
and systemic blood pressure .
3. A 25-year-old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex.
Which finding would the nurse expect to see in the lab results?
A) Decreased blood K+ levels
B) Increased blood K+ levels
C) Decreased blood Na+ levels
D) Increased blood Ca2+ levels
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An adrenal cortex tumor secreting excess aldosterone causes hyperaldosteronism,
leading to increased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, resulting in hypokalemia
(decreased blood K+ levels) .
4. A patient has been searching on the Internet about natriuretic hormones. When the patient
asks the nurse what these hormones do, how should the nurse respond? Natriuretic
hormones affect the balance of:
A) Potassium
B) Calcium
C) Sodium
D) Magnesium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Natriuretic hormones (ANP and BNP) affect sodium balance. They are antagonists to
the RAAS system and stop the secretion of aldosterone, renin, and ADH, promoting sodium
excretion .
5. Where is BNP produced?
A) Myocardial atria
B) Ventricles
C) Kidneys
D) Lungs
,Correct Answer: B
Rationale: BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) is produced primarily in the ventricles of the heart in
response to increased wall tension. ANP is produced in the atria .
6. What produces ANP?
A) Ventricles
B) Kidneys
C) Myocardial atria
D) Lungs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) is produced by the myocardial atria. Urodilantin, a
similar peptide, is secreted by kidney cells in response to increased renal blood flow .
7. ANP and BNP are antagonists to what system?
A) Sympathetic nervous system
B) RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
C) Parasympathetic nervous system
D) Coagulation system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ANP and BNP are antagonists to the RAAS system and stop the secretion of
aldosterone, renin, ADH, and the action of angiotensin II .
8. Thirst perception is regulated by which mechanisms? (Select all that apply)
A) Osmolality receptors
B) Baroreceptors
C) Chemoreceptors
D) Thermoreceptors
Correct Answer: A and B
, Rationale: Thirst perception is regulated by: (1) Osmolality receptors that cause thirst in
response to dry mouth and plasma volume depletion, and (2) Baroreceptors stimulated by
depleted plasma volume that cause release of ADH .
9. What does ADH (arginine vasopressin) do? When is it released?
A) Increases water excretion; released with decreased plasma osmolality
B) Increases water absorption; released with increased plasma osmolality
C) Decreases water absorption; released with increased blood volume
D) Increases sodium excretion; released with decreased blood pressure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ADH increases water absorption by increasing the permeability of renal tubules in
the collecting ducts. It is released with increased plasma osmolality, decreased circulating blood
volume, and decreased BP .
10. What is osmolality? What is the normal value?
A) Number of particles per liter of water; normal 250
B) Number of particles per kg of water; normal 295
C) Number of particles per mL of water; normal 200
D) Number of particles per g of water; normal 350
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Osmolality is the number of particles per kg of water. The normal value is
approximately 295. It does not depend on particle size, only the number of particles .
11. What does high osmolality (>295) indicate?
A) Fluid overload
B) Dehydration
C) Normal status
D) Kidney failure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: High osmolality (>295) indicates dehydration. Low osmolality (<295) indicates fluid
overload .
Questions and Answers – Already A+ Exam Format
| 200 Questions with Correct Answers | Advanced
Pathophysiology ALREADY GARDED A+
SECTION 1: FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE (Questions 1–40)
1. A nurse is teaching the staff about antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which information should
the nurse include? Secretion of ADH is stimulated by:
A) Decreased plasma osmolality
B) Increased plasma osmolality
C) Increased blood volume
D) Decreased blood pressure only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ADH secretion is stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, decreased circulating
blood volume, and decreased blood pressure. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect
increased osmolality and trigger ADH release from the posterior pituitary .
2. Which statement by the staff indicates teaching was successful concerning aldosterone?
Secretion of aldosterone results in:
A) Decreased blood volume
B) Increased blood volume
C) Decreased sodium reabsorption
D) Increased potassium reabsorption
Correct Answer: B
,Rationale: Aldosterone secretion results in increased blood volume by promoting sodium and
water reabsorption in the renal tubules while excreting potassium. This restores renal perfusion
and systemic blood pressure .
3. A 25-year-old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex.
Which finding would the nurse expect to see in the lab results?
A) Decreased blood K+ levels
B) Increased blood K+ levels
C) Decreased blood Na+ levels
D) Increased blood Ca2+ levels
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An adrenal cortex tumor secreting excess aldosterone causes hyperaldosteronism,
leading to increased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, resulting in hypokalemia
(decreased blood K+ levels) .
4. A patient has been searching on the Internet about natriuretic hormones. When the patient
asks the nurse what these hormones do, how should the nurse respond? Natriuretic
hormones affect the balance of:
A) Potassium
B) Calcium
C) Sodium
D) Magnesium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Natriuretic hormones (ANP and BNP) affect sodium balance. They are antagonists to
the RAAS system and stop the secretion of aldosterone, renin, and ADH, promoting sodium
excretion .
5. Where is BNP produced?
A) Myocardial atria
B) Ventricles
C) Kidneys
D) Lungs
,Correct Answer: B
Rationale: BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) is produced primarily in the ventricles of the heart in
response to increased wall tension. ANP is produced in the atria .
6. What produces ANP?
A) Ventricles
B) Kidneys
C) Myocardial atria
D) Lungs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) is produced by the myocardial atria. Urodilantin, a
similar peptide, is secreted by kidney cells in response to increased renal blood flow .
7. ANP and BNP are antagonists to what system?
A) Sympathetic nervous system
B) RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
C) Parasympathetic nervous system
D) Coagulation system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ANP and BNP are antagonists to the RAAS system and stop the secretion of
aldosterone, renin, ADH, and the action of angiotensin II .
8. Thirst perception is regulated by which mechanisms? (Select all that apply)
A) Osmolality receptors
B) Baroreceptors
C) Chemoreceptors
D) Thermoreceptors
Correct Answer: A and B
, Rationale: Thirst perception is regulated by: (1) Osmolality receptors that cause thirst in
response to dry mouth and plasma volume depletion, and (2) Baroreceptors stimulated by
depleted plasma volume that cause release of ADH .
9. What does ADH (arginine vasopressin) do? When is it released?
A) Increases water excretion; released with decreased plasma osmolality
B) Increases water absorption; released with increased plasma osmolality
C) Decreases water absorption; released with increased blood volume
D) Increases sodium excretion; released with decreased blood pressure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ADH increases water absorption by increasing the permeability of renal tubules in
the collecting ducts. It is released with increased plasma osmolality, decreased circulating blood
volume, and decreased BP .
10. What is osmolality? What is the normal value?
A) Number of particles per liter of water; normal 250
B) Number of particles per kg of water; normal 295
C) Number of particles per mL of water; normal 200
D) Number of particles per g of water; normal 350
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Osmolality is the number of particles per kg of water. The normal value is
approximately 295. It does not depend on particle size, only the number of particles .
11. What does high osmolality (>295) indicate?
A) Fluid overload
B) Dehydration
C) Normal status
D) Kidney failure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: High osmolality (>295) indicates dehydration. Low osmolality (<295) indicates fluid
overload .
