NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam: Q&A update

NSG 5140 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINA
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L EXAM EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANS
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WERS WITH RATIONALES GRADED A+ LATEST
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2026



1. Which pathophysiologic mechanism underlies acute respiratory distress
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syndrome (ARDS)? v


A. Bronchoconstriction
B. Diffuse alveolar damage → increased permeability → pulmonary edema
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C. Pulmonary embolism v


D. Pneumothorax
Answer: B v


Rationale: ARDS is caused by inflammatory injury to alveoli → non-
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cardiogenic pulmonary edema → hypoxemia.
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2. Which type of shock is characterized by low SVR and warm extremities?
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A. Hypovolemic
B. Cardiogenic
C. Obstructive
D. Distributive (septic/anaphylactic) v




Answer: D v


Rationale: Vasodilation → hypotension, warm peripheries.
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3. Which electrolyte abnormality occurs in tumor lysis syndrome?
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A. Hyponatremia
B. Hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia
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C. Hypercalcemia only v


D. Hypokalemia

,Answer: B v


Rationale: Massive cell lysis → release of intracellular K⁺, phosphate, nucleic acids
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→ uric acid ↑, Ca²⁺ ↓.
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4. Which hormone deficiency causes diabetes insipidus?
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A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. ADH (vasopressin)
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D. Insulin
Answer: C v


Rationale: ADH deficiency → inability to concentrate urine → polyuria, hypernatremia.
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5. Which lab marker is most specific for liver injury?
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A. ALP
B. Bilirubin
C. ALT
D. Albumin
Answer: C v


Rationale: ALT is liver-specific, released during hepatocyte injury.
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6. Which electrolyte abnormality can cause cardiac arrhythmias and peaked
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T-waves on ECG?
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A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: C v


Rationale: ↑ K⁺ alters cardiac action potentials → arrhythmias.
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,7. Which acid-base disorder occurs in prolonged vomiting?
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A. Metabolic acidosisv


B. Metabolic alkalosis v


C. Respiratory acidosis v


D. Respiratory alkalosis v




Answer: Bv


Rationale: Loss of H⁺ from stomach → ↑ serum HCO₃⁻ → alkalosis.
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8. Which type of necrosis is typical in tuberculosis?
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A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Answer: Cv


Rationale: Granulomatous inflammation → cheesy, caseous necrosis.
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9. Which lab value is most sensitive for early kidney injury?
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A. BUN
B. Creatinine
C. LDH
D. Urine sodium
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Answer: Bv


Rationale: Creatinine rises early when GFR declines.
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10. Which pathophysiologic mechanism causes edema in nephrotic syndrome?
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A. Increased hydrostatic pressure
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B. Hypoalbuminemia → ↓ oncotic pressure v v v v


C. Lymphatic obstruction v


D. Hypernatremia

, Answer: B v


Rationale: Protein loss → low plasma oncotic pressure → fluid shifts into interstitiu
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m.


11. Which compensatory mechanism occurs in chronic respiratory acidosis?
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A. Hypoventilation
B. Renal HCO₃⁻ retention
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C. CO₂ retention
v


D. Decreased renal H⁺ excretion
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Answer: B v


Rationale: Kidneys retain bicarbonate to partially correct chronic hypercapnia.
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12. Which electrolyte imbalance is characteristic of primary
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hyperaldosteronism?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: B v


Rationale: Aldosterone → Na⁺ retention, K⁺ excretion → hypokalemia.
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13. Which hormone excess causes Cushing’s syndrome?
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A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. T3/T4
D. Growth hormone
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Answer: B v


Rationale: Cortisol excess → hyperglycemia, central obesity, muscle wasting.
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