NACE CP2 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR).
Answer: the pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must
overcome to pump blood into the systemAs a vessel constricts (decreases its
diameter), resistance inside the vessel increases, which typically increases
pressure inside the vessel
◍ V Mismatch.
Answer: blood lacks O2 b/c there is something obstructing O2 from entering
the lungs
◍ Q Mismatch.
Answer: Blood not being able to perfuse effectively which results in lack of
O2 transported
◍ Vitals.
Answer: HR: 60-100 (increases with decreasing age)RR: 12-20 (increases
with decreasing age)BP: 120/80; Peds systolic = 70+2(age). (Decreases w
decreasing age) SpO2: 94>, 88> for COPD Pt's BGL: 80/120mg/dL
◍ Hypoxemia.
Answer: decreased oxygen in the blood
◍ Hypoxia.
Answer: deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
◍ internal respiration.
Answer: Exchange of gas between pulmonary capillaries and inspired air
◍ external respiration.
, Answer: exchange of gas between peripheral blood capillaries and tissue
cells
◍ Snoring.
Answer: The sound of the soft tissue of the upper airway creating a partial
obstruction of air flow
◍ Gurgling.
Answer: fluid in the upper airway
◍ Stridor.
Answer: inflammation in upper airway
◍ wheezing.
Answer: bronchoconstriction caused by asthma and associated disease
processes
◍ quiet/diminished.
Answer: pneumothorax, inability to ventilate in associated lung
◍ crackles/rhonchi.
Answer: fluid in lungs may indicate pulmonary edema and COPD.
◍ Nasal Cannula.
Answer: Mild Respiratory Distress, 1-6 L/min
◍ NRB.
Answer: Moderate to severe respiratory distress, 10-15 L/min
◍ Nebulizer.
Answer: For albuterol (2.5 mg / 3ml of water), bronchoconstriction or
wheezing
◍ BVM.
Answer: For respiratory failure, 15 L/min
◍ ABC's.
Answer: A: patency of airway B: is breathing appropriate/sufficient? C; Are
they adequately perfusing? in shock or compensating?
, ◍ ROSC.
Answer: Return of Spontaneous Circulation- when pulses return to a patient
who has been in cardiac arrest
◍ CPR for an Adult.
Answer: Depth: 2''Rate: 100-120 bpm Ratio 1 Rescuer: 30:2 Ratio 2
Rescuer: 30:2
◍ CPR for Child (1 to puberty).
Answer: Depth: 2''Rate: 100-120 bpm Ratio 1 Rescuer: 30:2 Ratio 2
Rescuer: 15:2
◍ CPR for Infant.
Answer: Depth: 1.5''Rate: 100-120 bpm Ratio 1 Rescuer: 30:2 Ratio 2
Rescuer: 30:2
◍ Hypovolemic Shock.
Answer: low blood content/fluid loss Hemorrhagic is the most common
cause Non-hemorrhagic is caused by burns and dehydration (plasma an
proteins leak which leads to edema)
◍ Distributive Shock.
Answer: Caused by vasodilation leading to reduction in intravascular
volume Blood vessel problem Neurogenic, Septic, and Anaphylactic
◍ Neurogenic Shock.
Answer: hypoperfusion due to nerve paralysis (sometimes caused by spinal
cord injuries) resulting in the dilation of blood vessels that increases the
volume of the circulatory system beyond the point where it can be
filled.without communication from nerve, blood vessels relax and dilate
◍ Septic Shock.
Answer: a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial
infection affects the bodyvasodilation increases capillary permeability
◍ Anaphylactic Shock.
Answer: Histamines released in anaphylactic reaction causes massive
GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR).
Answer: the pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must
overcome to pump blood into the systemAs a vessel constricts (decreases its
diameter), resistance inside the vessel increases, which typically increases
pressure inside the vessel
◍ V Mismatch.
Answer: blood lacks O2 b/c there is something obstructing O2 from entering
the lungs
◍ Q Mismatch.
Answer: Blood not being able to perfuse effectively which results in lack of
O2 transported
◍ Vitals.
Answer: HR: 60-100 (increases with decreasing age)RR: 12-20 (increases
with decreasing age)BP: 120/80; Peds systolic = 70+2(age). (Decreases w
decreasing age) SpO2: 94>, 88> for COPD Pt's BGL: 80/120mg/dL
◍ Hypoxemia.
Answer: decreased oxygen in the blood
◍ Hypoxia.
Answer: deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
◍ internal respiration.
Answer: Exchange of gas between pulmonary capillaries and inspired air
◍ external respiration.
, Answer: exchange of gas between peripheral blood capillaries and tissue
cells
◍ Snoring.
Answer: The sound of the soft tissue of the upper airway creating a partial
obstruction of air flow
◍ Gurgling.
Answer: fluid in the upper airway
◍ Stridor.
Answer: inflammation in upper airway
◍ wheezing.
Answer: bronchoconstriction caused by asthma and associated disease
processes
◍ quiet/diminished.
Answer: pneumothorax, inability to ventilate in associated lung
◍ crackles/rhonchi.
Answer: fluid in lungs may indicate pulmonary edema and COPD.
◍ Nasal Cannula.
Answer: Mild Respiratory Distress, 1-6 L/min
◍ NRB.
Answer: Moderate to severe respiratory distress, 10-15 L/min
◍ Nebulizer.
Answer: For albuterol (2.5 mg / 3ml of water), bronchoconstriction or
wheezing
◍ BVM.
Answer: For respiratory failure, 15 L/min
◍ ABC's.
Answer: A: patency of airway B: is breathing appropriate/sufficient? C; Are
they adequately perfusing? in shock or compensating?
, ◍ ROSC.
Answer: Return of Spontaneous Circulation- when pulses return to a patient
who has been in cardiac arrest
◍ CPR for an Adult.
Answer: Depth: 2''Rate: 100-120 bpm Ratio 1 Rescuer: 30:2 Ratio 2
Rescuer: 30:2
◍ CPR for Child (1 to puberty).
Answer: Depth: 2''Rate: 100-120 bpm Ratio 1 Rescuer: 30:2 Ratio 2
Rescuer: 15:2
◍ CPR for Infant.
Answer: Depth: 1.5''Rate: 100-120 bpm Ratio 1 Rescuer: 30:2 Ratio 2
Rescuer: 30:2
◍ Hypovolemic Shock.
Answer: low blood content/fluid loss Hemorrhagic is the most common
cause Non-hemorrhagic is caused by burns and dehydration (plasma an
proteins leak which leads to edema)
◍ Distributive Shock.
Answer: Caused by vasodilation leading to reduction in intravascular
volume Blood vessel problem Neurogenic, Septic, and Anaphylactic
◍ Neurogenic Shock.
Answer: hypoperfusion due to nerve paralysis (sometimes caused by spinal
cord injuries) resulting in the dilation of blood vessels that increases the
volume of the circulatory system beyond the point where it can be
filled.without communication from nerve, blood vessels relax and dilate
◍ Septic Shock.
Answer: a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial
infection affects the bodyvasodilation increases capillary permeability
◍ Anaphylactic Shock.
Answer: Histamines released in anaphylactic reaction causes massive
