Psychology 1010 Exam #2 And 3
Questions and All Actual Answers.
Encoding - Answer The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information
to convert that information into a form that is usable in brain's storage systems. 220
Storage - Answer Holding onto information for some period of time. 220
Retrieval - Answer Getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used. 221
Levels-of-Processing Model of Memory - Answer Model of memory that assumes information
that is more "deeply processed" or processed according to its meaning rather than just the
sound or physical characteristics of the word or words will be remembered more efficiently and
for a longer period of time. 222
Parallel Distributed Processing Model of Memory - Answer A model of memory in which
memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural
connections. 222
Iconic vs. Echoic Memory - Answer Visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second
vs. the brief memory of something a person has just heard. 225
Short-term Memory - Answer The memory system in which information is held for brief
periods of time while being used. 226
Long-term Memory - Answer The system of memory into which all the information is placed
to be kept more or less permanently. 229
Serial position effect - Answer Tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of
information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of
information. 237
Brain waves during sleep - Answer theta waves - brain waves indicating the early stages of
sleep
delta waves - long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep
alpha waves - brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep
beta waves - wide awake and mentally active, very small and very fast 140
, REM sleep - Answer Rapid eye movement, dream state
Prototypes - Answer An example of a concept that closely matches the defining
characteristics of a concept. 265
Heuristics - Answer An educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down
the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a "rule of thumb." 267
Means-end analysis - Answer Heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation
and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference. 268
Mental sets - Answer The tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns
that have worked for them in the past. 272
Confirmation bias - Answer The tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while
ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs. 272
Convergent vs. Divergent Thinking - Answer Type of thinking in which a problem is seen as
having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using
previous knowledge and logic. vs. Type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and
comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. 273
Language analysis - five levels - Answer 1-grammar
2-syntax
3-morphemes
4-phonemes
5-pragmatics 294
Longitudinal design - Answer Research design in which one participant or group of
participants is studied over a long period of time. 386
Cross-sectional design - Answer Research design in which several different age-groups of
participants are studied at one particular point in time. 386
Nature vs. Nurture - Answer The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality ,
physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions. 387
Critical Periods - Answer Times during which certain environmental influences can have an
impact on the development of the infant. 395
Questions and All Actual Answers.
Encoding - Answer The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information
to convert that information into a form that is usable in brain's storage systems. 220
Storage - Answer Holding onto information for some period of time. 220
Retrieval - Answer Getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used. 221
Levels-of-Processing Model of Memory - Answer Model of memory that assumes information
that is more "deeply processed" or processed according to its meaning rather than just the
sound or physical characteristics of the word or words will be remembered more efficiently and
for a longer period of time. 222
Parallel Distributed Processing Model of Memory - Answer A model of memory in which
memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural
connections. 222
Iconic vs. Echoic Memory - Answer Visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second
vs. the brief memory of something a person has just heard. 225
Short-term Memory - Answer The memory system in which information is held for brief
periods of time while being used. 226
Long-term Memory - Answer The system of memory into which all the information is placed
to be kept more or less permanently. 229
Serial position effect - Answer Tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of
information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of
information. 237
Brain waves during sleep - Answer theta waves - brain waves indicating the early stages of
sleep
delta waves - long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep
alpha waves - brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep
beta waves - wide awake and mentally active, very small and very fast 140
, REM sleep - Answer Rapid eye movement, dream state
Prototypes - Answer An example of a concept that closely matches the defining
characteristics of a concept. 265
Heuristics - Answer An educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down
the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a "rule of thumb." 267
Means-end analysis - Answer Heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation
and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference. 268
Mental sets - Answer The tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns
that have worked for them in the past. 272
Confirmation bias - Answer The tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while
ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs. 272
Convergent vs. Divergent Thinking - Answer Type of thinking in which a problem is seen as
having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using
previous knowledge and logic. vs. Type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and
comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. 273
Language analysis - five levels - Answer 1-grammar
2-syntax
3-morphemes
4-phonemes
5-pragmatics 294
Longitudinal design - Answer Research design in which one participant or group of
participants is studied over a long period of time. 386
Cross-sectional design - Answer Research design in which several different age-groups of
participants are studied at one particular point in time. 386
Nature vs. Nurture - Answer The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality ,
physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions. 387
Critical Periods - Answer Times during which certain environmental influences can have an
impact on the development of the infant. 395
