PHYSICS
FOR CLASS 12 AND OTHER
EXAMS
IMPORTANT THEORY
NOTES
CREATED & COMPILED BY:
SHAMSHAD ALAM
RESEARCH
7985316879
Digital Version of Handwritten Notes
, DIGITAL DIARY
Hello Students,
I have put my heart into transforming these pages of my diary into this
digital format for all of you. My goal is to use simple and clear language
so that Physics doesn't feel like a burden. I don't want you to just
memorize; I want to make the most difficult concepts easy and
accessible for everyone.
1. Your Suggestions Matter:
I am only human, and mistakes can happen. If you find any errors or see
room for improvement in these notes, please tell me without any
hesitation. Your feedback is what helps these notes grow and become better
for everyone.
2. Speak Your Mind:
Which chapter or topic would you like to see next? Please reach out to me on
my mobile number and share your thoughts. I will do my absolute best to
include those requested topics in the upcoming pages.
I hope these notes light the path for your studies. Keep working
hard!
With Best Wishes,
, Shamshad Alam
7985316879
PA G E 0 2 | S H A M S H A D A L A M R E S E A R C H
, Shamshad Alam Research 7985316879
1. Electric Charge and Field
Charges are of two types:
9
87
1. Positive Charge: When there is a "deficiency" of electrons on a substance compared to
its normal state, the object has a positive charge.
6
31
2. Negative Charge: When there is an "excess" of electrons on a substance compared to
85
its normal state, the object has a negative charge.
79
Quantisation of Electric Charge
h
When electrons (charge) move from one object to another, they move in integer numbers.
rc
ea
That is: 1 electron will go, or 2, or 3, or 4, or 5... not 1.25, 1.5, or 2.5.
es
q = ne
R
m
Where:
la
▪ q = Charge
A
▪ n = Number of electrons
ad
▪ e = 1.6 × 10-19 Coulomb
sh
am
Note:- q = i × t = n × e
Sh
Copyright © 2026 Shamshad Alam. All Rights Reserved. Page 03
FOR CLASS 12 AND OTHER
EXAMS
IMPORTANT THEORY
NOTES
CREATED & COMPILED BY:
SHAMSHAD ALAM
RESEARCH
7985316879
Digital Version of Handwritten Notes
, DIGITAL DIARY
Hello Students,
I have put my heart into transforming these pages of my diary into this
digital format for all of you. My goal is to use simple and clear language
so that Physics doesn't feel like a burden. I don't want you to just
memorize; I want to make the most difficult concepts easy and
accessible for everyone.
1. Your Suggestions Matter:
I am only human, and mistakes can happen. If you find any errors or see
room for improvement in these notes, please tell me without any
hesitation. Your feedback is what helps these notes grow and become better
for everyone.
2. Speak Your Mind:
Which chapter or topic would you like to see next? Please reach out to me on
my mobile number and share your thoughts. I will do my absolute best to
include those requested topics in the upcoming pages.
I hope these notes light the path for your studies. Keep working
hard!
With Best Wishes,
, Shamshad Alam
7985316879
PA G E 0 2 | S H A M S H A D A L A M R E S E A R C H
, Shamshad Alam Research 7985316879
1. Electric Charge and Field
Charges are of two types:
9
87
1. Positive Charge: When there is a "deficiency" of electrons on a substance compared to
its normal state, the object has a positive charge.
6
31
2. Negative Charge: When there is an "excess" of electrons on a substance compared to
85
its normal state, the object has a negative charge.
79
Quantisation of Electric Charge
h
When electrons (charge) move from one object to another, they move in integer numbers.
rc
ea
That is: 1 electron will go, or 2, or 3, or 4, or 5... not 1.25, 1.5, or 2.5.
es
q = ne
R
m
Where:
la
▪ q = Charge
A
▪ n = Number of electrons
ad
▪ e = 1.6 × 10-19 Coulomb
sh
am
Note:- q = i × t = n × e
Sh
Copyright © 2026 Shamshad Alam. All Rights Reserved. Page 03
