NUR 265 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
NSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
ALREADY PASSED!!! LATEST UPDATED
2026
Question: What is the underlying pathophysiology that defines nephrotic
syndrome?
Answer: ✔✔ A renal disorder characterized by severe structural damage to the
glomerular capillary wall. This drastically elevates glomerular permeability,
allowing large molecular weight substances—specifically plasma proteins—to
bypass the filtration barrier, spill into the urine, and be excreted from the body.
Question: What are the key clinical manifestations and hallmark features
associated with nephrotic syndrome?
Answer: ✔✔
Massive Proteinuria: Massive spilling of protein into the urine (typically
exceeding $3.5\text{ g}/\text{day}$).
Hypoalbuminemia: Critically depleted serum albumin levels resulting from
continuous urinary protein losses.
Severe Edema: Notable fluid retention presenting initially as facial and
periorbital (around the eyes) puffiness before progressing to generalized
anasarca (widespread swelling).
Lipiduria: The presence of free fat droplets or fatty casts in the urine
sample.
Hyperlipidemia: Compensatory, overactive hepatic synthesis of lipids and
cholesterol triggered by the drop in plasma oncotic pressure.
Hypercoagulability: An increased tendency to form dangerous blood clots
due to the urinary loss of natural anticoagulant proteins (like antithrombin
III).
Diminished Renal Function: Progressive decline in the kidneys' ability to
filter metabolic waste efficiently.
,In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what? -
ANSWER ✔✔3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? -ANSWER ✔✔-immunosuppressant
agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI -ANSWER ✔✔creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and
GFR reduced by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI -ANSWER ✔✔creatinine x2 & GFR reduced
by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI -ANSWER ✔✔creatinine x3 normal, & GFR
reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. -ANSWER ✔✔Decreased perfusion to
kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
, Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. -ANSWER ✔✔Tissue damage to the
actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. -ANSWER ✔✔Obstruction that occurs
after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? -ANSWER ✔✔Systolic
+ (Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? -ANSWER ✔✔65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? -ANSWER ✔✔-NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
NSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
ALREADY PASSED!!! LATEST UPDATED
2026
Question: What is the underlying pathophysiology that defines nephrotic
syndrome?
Answer: ✔✔ A renal disorder characterized by severe structural damage to the
glomerular capillary wall. This drastically elevates glomerular permeability,
allowing large molecular weight substances—specifically plasma proteins—to
bypass the filtration barrier, spill into the urine, and be excreted from the body.
Question: What are the key clinical manifestations and hallmark features
associated with nephrotic syndrome?
Answer: ✔✔
Massive Proteinuria: Massive spilling of protein into the urine (typically
exceeding $3.5\text{ g}/\text{day}$).
Hypoalbuminemia: Critically depleted serum albumin levels resulting from
continuous urinary protein losses.
Severe Edema: Notable fluid retention presenting initially as facial and
periorbital (around the eyes) puffiness before progressing to generalized
anasarca (widespread swelling).
Lipiduria: The presence of free fat droplets or fatty casts in the urine
sample.
Hyperlipidemia: Compensatory, overactive hepatic synthesis of lipids and
cholesterol triggered by the drop in plasma oncotic pressure.
Hypercoagulability: An increased tendency to form dangerous blood clots
due to the urinary loss of natural anticoagulant proteins (like antithrombin
III).
Diminished Renal Function: Progressive decline in the kidneys' ability to
filter metabolic waste efficiently.
,In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what? -
ANSWER ✔✔3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? -ANSWER ✔✔-immunosuppressant
agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI -ANSWER ✔✔creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and
GFR reduced by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI -ANSWER ✔✔creatinine x2 & GFR reduced
by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI -ANSWER ✔✔creatinine x3 normal, & GFR
reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. -ANSWER ✔✔Decreased perfusion to
kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
, Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. -ANSWER ✔✔Tissue damage to the
actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. -ANSWER ✔✔Obstruction that occurs
after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? -ANSWER ✔✔Systolic
+ (Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? -ANSWER ✔✔65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? -ANSWER ✔✔-NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
