Final Exam Advanced
Pathophysiology, Pathophysiology
Finals Question and Verified Answers
2026/2027
physiologic jaundice - perfect answersA 3-day old infant is noted to have a mildly elevated unconjugated
bilirubin level and icterus. Your concern is that this child may have:
a. physiologic jaundice
b. kernicterus
c. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
d. pathologic jaundice
Lysosomes - perfect answersWhich cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is
released during cell injury?
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomesc. smooth endoplasmi
c reticulum
d. golgi complex
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen
atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes - perfect answersAns: B- peroxisomes
Contain organelles and complex internal membranes - perfect answersThe difference between
eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that eukaryotes:
,a. all of these answers are correct
b. are smaller in size
c. contain organelles
d. have no nuclear membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure - perfect answersAns: B-
influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell - perfect answersWhich of the following is
function of Golgi?
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies - perfect answersAns: A- apoptosis involves programmed cell
death of scattered singel cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
,A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell - perfect answersAns: C-
the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane
Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell - perfect answersWhich of the following is function of the rough
endoplasmic reticulum?
a. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
b. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
c. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
d. Produces ATP for cell function
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of lean adults
D) the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively - perfect answersAns: A- adipose
cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
Epigenetic modifications - perfect answersWhat genetic process is likely responsible for the occurrence
of asthma in only one of a pair of identical twins?
a. genomic imprinting
b. epigenetic modifications
c. methylation
d. transgenerational inheritance
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template - perfect answersTranscription is best defined as a process by
which
, a. A base pair substitution results in a mutation of the amino acid sequence
b. DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on RNA.
c. RNA directs the synthesis of ribosomes for protein synthesis
d. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
nondisjunction error - perfect answersWhat is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. paternal translocation
b. paternal viral illness
c. nondisjunction error
d. maternal viral illness
klinefelter - perfect answersA person with XXXY has the genetic disorder called __________ syndrome.
a. down
b. fragile x
c. klinefelter
d. turner
autosomal recessive - perfect answersCystic fibrosis is caused by an __________________ gene.
a. x-linked dominant
b. autosomal recessive
c. autosomal dominant
d. x-linked recessive
What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in
hypernatremia?
A) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain
cells to shrink
B) high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain cells, causing them to
swell
Pathophysiology, Pathophysiology
Finals Question and Verified Answers
2026/2027
physiologic jaundice - perfect answersA 3-day old infant is noted to have a mildly elevated unconjugated
bilirubin level and icterus. Your concern is that this child may have:
a. physiologic jaundice
b. kernicterus
c. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
d. pathologic jaundice
Lysosomes - perfect answersWhich cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is
released during cell injury?
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomesc. smooth endoplasmi
c reticulum
d. golgi complex
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen
atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes - perfect answersAns: B- peroxisomes
Contain organelles and complex internal membranes - perfect answersThe difference between
eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that eukaryotes:
,a. all of these answers are correct
b. are smaller in size
c. contain organelles
d. have no nuclear membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure - perfect answersAns: B-
influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell - perfect answersWhich of the following is
function of Golgi?
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies - perfect answersAns: A- apoptosis involves programmed cell
death of scattered singel cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
,A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell - perfect answersAns: C-
the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane
Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell - perfect answersWhich of the following is function of the rough
endoplasmic reticulum?
a. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
b. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
c. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
d. Produces ATP for cell function
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of lean adults
D) the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively - perfect answersAns: A- adipose
cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
Epigenetic modifications - perfect answersWhat genetic process is likely responsible for the occurrence
of asthma in only one of a pair of identical twins?
a. genomic imprinting
b. epigenetic modifications
c. methylation
d. transgenerational inheritance
RNA is synthesized from a DNA template - perfect answersTranscription is best defined as a process by
which
, a. A base pair substitution results in a mutation of the amino acid sequence
b. DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on RNA.
c. RNA directs the synthesis of ribosomes for protein synthesis
d. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
nondisjunction error - perfect answersWhat is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. paternal translocation
b. paternal viral illness
c. nondisjunction error
d. maternal viral illness
klinefelter - perfect answersA person with XXXY has the genetic disorder called __________ syndrome.
a. down
b. fragile x
c. klinefelter
d. turner
autosomal recessive - perfect answersCystic fibrosis is caused by an __________________ gene.
a. x-linked dominant
b. autosomal recessive
c. autosomal dominant
d. x-linked recessive
What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in
hypernatremia?
A) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain
cells to shrink
B) high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain cells, causing them to
swell
