NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM –
VERSION A & B PORTAGE LEARNING | ACTUAL EXAM|
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) GRADED A+
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Final Exam Version A
Final Exam Version B
FINAL EXAM VERSION A
SECTION 1: TRUE OR FALSE (Questions 1-15)
Instructions: Determine whether the following statements are true
or false. If false, explain why the statement is false.
QUESTION 1
Metaplastic cells are better prepared to survive under stressful
circumstances.
Correct Answer: True
Rationale:
Metaplasia is an adaptive cellular response where one differentiated
cell type is replaced by another that is better suited to withstand
an adverse environment (e.g., columnar to squamous in smokers). This
1|Page
,is a protective mechanism, though it can increase cancer risk if the
stimulus persists.
QUESTION 2
Hypertrophy can occur under both normal and pathological conditions.
Correct Answer: True
Rationale:
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. It occurs normally (e.g.,
skeletal muscle growth from exercise) and pathologically (e.g.,
cardiac hypertrophy from hypertension or valvular disease). It is
reversible if the stimulus is removed.
QUESTION 3
Dry gangrene occurs when blood supply is slowly reduced to an area,
resulting in a dehydrated, dark, or black appearance.
Correct Answer: True
Rationale:
Dry gangrene develops from slow, progressive ischemia in the absence
of infection. The tissue becomes dry, shrunken, and dark/black due to
lack of moisture, minimal bacterial growth, and coagulative necrosis.
It typically affects extremities.
2|Page
,QUESTION 4
Peristaltic movements in the gastrointestinal tract occur in two
directions.
Correct Answer: False
Rationale:
Peristalsis is a unidirectional wave of contraction that propels
contents forward (toward the anus). It does not occur in two
directions. The movement is coordinated by the myenteric plexus.
Retroperistalsis (reverse) occurs only in vomiting, which is not
normal peristalsis.
QUESTION 5
The process of negative selection allows T cells that display the
host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen to
mature.
Correct Answer: False
Rationale:
Negative selection eliminates T cells that react strongly to
self-antigens (MHC + self-peptide) to prevent autoimmunity. Positive
3|Page
, selection allows cells that recognize self-MHC to survive. The
statement confuses negative and positive selection.
QUESTION 6
Erythropoietin is a hormone synthesized in the liver that regulates
red blood cell differentiation.
Correct Answer: False
Rationale:
Erythropoietin (EPO) is primarily synthesized in the kidneys (not
the liver), though a small amount is produced in the fetal liver. It
stimulates erythrocyte production in response to hypoxia. Renal
failure leads to anemia due to decreased EPO.
QUESTION 7
Progenitor cells are early descendants of stem cells that have
already lost their ability to divide.
Correct Answer: False
Rationale:
Progenitor cells are descendants of stem cells that have retained
the ability to divide but are more limited in their differentiation
4|Page
VERSION A & B PORTAGE LEARNING | ACTUAL EXAM|
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) GRADED A+
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Final Exam Version A
Final Exam Version B
FINAL EXAM VERSION A
SECTION 1: TRUE OR FALSE (Questions 1-15)
Instructions: Determine whether the following statements are true
or false. If false, explain why the statement is false.
QUESTION 1
Metaplastic cells are better prepared to survive under stressful
circumstances.
Correct Answer: True
Rationale:
Metaplasia is an adaptive cellular response where one differentiated
cell type is replaced by another that is better suited to withstand
an adverse environment (e.g., columnar to squamous in smokers). This
1|Page
,is a protective mechanism, though it can increase cancer risk if the
stimulus persists.
QUESTION 2
Hypertrophy can occur under both normal and pathological conditions.
Correct Answer: True
Rationale:
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. It occurs normally (e.g.,
skeletal muscle growth from exercise) and pathologically (e.g.,
cardiac hypertrophy from hypertension or valvular disease). It is
reversible if the stimulus is removed.
QUESTION 3
Dry gangrene occurs when blood supply is slowly reduced to an area,
resulting in a dehydrated, dark, or black appearance.
Correct Answer: True
Rationale:
Dry gangrene develops from slow, progressive ischemia in the absence
of infection. The tissue becomes dry, shrunken, and dark/black due to
lack of moisture, minimal bacterial growth, and coagulative necrosis.
It typically affects extremities.
2|Page
,QUESTION 4
Peristaltic movements in the gastrointestinal tract occur in two
directions.
Correct Answer: False
Rationale:
Peristalsis is a unidirectional wave of contraction that propels
contents forward (toward the anus). It does not occur in two
directions. The movement is coordinated by the myenteric plexus.
Retroperistalsis (reverse) occurs only in vomiting, which is not
normal peristalsis.
QUESTION 5
The process of negative selection allows T cells that display the
host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen to
mature.
Correct Answer: False
Rationale:
Negative selection eliminates T cells that react strongly to
self-antigens (MHC + self-peptide) to prevent autoimmunity. Positive
3|Page
, selection allows cells that recognize self-MHC to survive. The
statement confuses negative and positive selection.
QUESTION 6
Erythropoietin is a hormone synthesized in the liver that regulates
red blood cell differentiation.
Correct Answer: False
Rationale:
Erythropoietin (EPO) is primarily synthesized in the kidneys (not
the liver), though a small amount is produced in the fetal liver. It
stimulates erythrocyte production in response to hypoxia. Renal
failure leads to anemia due to decreased EPO.
QUESTION 7
Progenitor cells are early descendants of stem cells that have
already lost their ability to divide.
Correct Answer: False
Rationale:
Progenitor cells are descendants of stem cells that have retained
the ability to divide but are more limited in their differentiation
4|Page
