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According to the theoretical framework developed by Lev Vygotsky, a
young child's cognitive development is most strongly influenced by
which of the following factors?
A. encounters with conflicting ideas that lead to disequilibrium and
motivate change
B. positive reinforcement from key individuals in the child's life
C. genetically programmed characteristics that unfold gradually
throughout childhood
D. conversations and other interactions with adults or more able peers
......ANSWER......D. This question requires the examinee to demonstrate
knowledge of the major theories of human development as they relate
to students from early childhood through the elementary years.
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory is based on the idea that social
interactions are the most important factor in creating cognitive
structures and thinking processes. Higher mental processes, such as
problem solving, are first co- constructed during shared activities or
discussions between the child and another person. These processes are
then internalized by the child and become part of the child's cognitive
development.
pg. 1
,An elementary teacher wishes to use scaffolding to promote student
learning. Which of the following is the best example of this strategy?
A. prompting students to identify personal goals that they hope to
achieve whenever they are preparing for an upcoming project
B. giving students charts labeled with relevant variables on which to
record data they gather during classroom science experiments
C. holding weekly geography bees with students to review important
information covered during recent lessons
D. marking errors in students' descriptive paragraphs and then having
the students rewrite the paragraphs correctly ......ANSWER......B. This
question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of processes by
which students construct meaning and develop skills. Scaffolding is a
method of supporting students' learning by providing them with clues,
examples, step-by-step instructions, or partially completed learning
tasks. Adapting instructional materials to students' current skill levels is
one type of scaffolding. In the example given, labeling a chart with
relevant variables helps ensure that students record experiment data
accurately and independently.
An elementary student who has a mild cognitive impairment is likely to
experience the most difficulty in which of the following areas?
A. generalizing learned skills to new contexts
B. following classroom routines
C. working with a peer on a class activity
D. identifying personal interests ......ANSWER......A. This question
requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of different types of
student exceptionalities, their characteristics, and their implications for
pg. 2
,teaching and learning. Cognitive impairment is defined, in part, as a
disability characterized by significant limitations in intellectual
functioning. While students with average cognitive abilities can be
expected to generalize new knowledge or skills from one situation to
the next, often with minimal support, students with cognitive
impairments need explicit instruction in this process of generalization.
To learn most effectively, students with cognitive impairments need
frequent opportunities to practice, with guidance, newly acquired
knowledge and skills in appropriate and relevant educational or real-
world settings.
A significant challenge for teachers in using essay tests to assess student
learning is that such tests:
A. tend to be difficult to align with instructional objectives.
B. are ineffective in measuring certain types of thinking skills.
C. tend to encourage guessing in student responses.
D. are difficult to score fairly and objectively. ......ANSWER......D. This
question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the
characteristics, uses, advantages, and limitations of various types of
formal and informal assessments. Since essay tests require students to
create their own answers, subjectivity in judging the quality of the
answers becomes a critical consideration. Teachers must develop and
apply consistent criteria to evaluate essay tests objectively. In addition
to the content of students' answers, variation in their communicative
effectiveness and the mechanics of their writing (e.g., neatness,
spelling, punctuation) are factors that teachers must consider when
evaluating essay tests.
pg. 3
, A teacher is planning lessons for a new instructional unit. The teacher
can best ensure the effectiveness of these lessons by considering which
of the following questions first?
A. What is the fairest and most efficient way to evaluate students'
achievement of unit objectives?
B. Which unit activities are best completed individually and which
activities are best done in a group?
C. What background knowledge and experience do students already
have with regard to the unit topic?
D. In what ways does the unit support the goals of the district
curriculum in this subject area? ......ANSWER......C. This question
requires the examinee to identify procedures used in curricular
planning and decision making. The extent of students' prior knowledge
and experience with a topic helps determine a teacher's approach to a
new unit. If most students have a good foundation of information with
regard to the unit topic, the teacher may only need to provide a brief
review before beginning the unit. Conversely, if students have had
limited or no experience with a unit topic, the teacher will need to help
students acquire foundational knowledge of the topic before
proceeding with planned instruction.
Which of the following strategies would likely be most effective in
improving the quality and effectiveness of cooperative learning
experiences for elementary students?
A. allowing students to choose their own group members for group
activities
pg. 4