NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM STUDY
ge ge ge ge ge ge ge
GUIDE & PRACTICE QUESTION BANK (2026–
ge ge ge ge ge
2027 EDITION) 200 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & RATI
ge ge ge ge ge ge ge
ONALES FOR GRADUATE NURSING SUCCESS
ge ge ge ge
1.geWhichgecellulargeadaptationgeisgecharacterizedgebygeangeincreasegeingethegesizegeofgeexistinggecells?
A.geHyperplasia
B.geDysplasia
C.geHypertrophy
D.geMetaplasia
Answer:geC.geHypertrophy
Hypertrophygeoccursgewhengecellsgeincreasegeingesize,geresultinggeingeenlargementgeofgethegeaffectedgetissuege
orgeorgan.geCardiacgemusclegeenlargementgeingehypertensiongeisgeagecommongeexample.
2.geApoptosisgeisgebestgedescribedgeas:
A.geCellgeswellinggeduegetogeinjury
B.geProgrammedgecellgedeath
C.geTissuegenecrosisgefromgeischemia
D.geIrreversiblegemitochondrialgedamage
Answer:geB.geProgrammedgecellgedeath
Apoptosisgeisgeageregulatedgeprocessgethatgeeliminatesgedamagedgeorgeunnecessarygecellsgewithoutgeprovoki
nggesignificantgeinflammation.
3.geWhichgeelectrolytegeabnormalitygeisgemostgecommonlygeassociatedgewithgecardiacgedysrhythmias?
A.geHypermagnesemia
B.geHypercalcemia
C.geHypokalemia
D.geHypernatremia
Answer:geC.geHypokalemia
Potassiumgeplaysgeagecriticalgerolegeingecardiacgeconduction.geLowgepotassiumgelevelsgeincreasegethegeriskgeofge
ventriculargearrhythmiasgeandgeECGgechanges.
4.geThegeprimarygefunctiongeofgeneutrophilsgeduringgeacutegeinflammationgeis:
,A.geAntibodygeproduction
B.geHistaminegerelease
C.gePhagocytosis
D.geCollagengesynthesis
Answer:geC.gePhagocytosis
Neutrophilsgearegethegefirstgeleukocytesgetogearrivegeatgesitesgeofgeacutegeinflammationgeandgeengulfgepathog
ensgeandgecellulargedebris.
5.geAgepatientgewithgechronicgerenalgefailuregeisgemostgelikelygetogedevelop:
A.geRespiratorygealkalosis
B.geMetabolicgeacidosis
C.geMetabolicgealkalosis
D.geRespiratorygeacidosis
Answer:geB.geMetabolicgeacidosis
Impairedgekidneygefunctiongereducesgeacidgeexcretiongeandgebicarbonategeregeneration,geleadinggetogemeta
bolicgeacidosis.
6.geWhichgecytokinegeisgeprimarilygeresponsiblegeforgefever?
A.geIL-1
B.geIL-10
C.geIL-4
D.geIL-13
Answer:geA.geIL-1
Interleukin-
1geactsgeongethegehypothalamusgetogeincreasegethegebody'sgetemperaturegesetgepoint,geproducinggefever.
7.geThegemovementgeofgewatergeacrossgeagesemipermeablegemembranegefromgelowgesolutegeconcentrationget
ogehighgesolutegeconcentrationgeisgecalled:
A.geDiffusion
B.geActivegetransport
C.geFiltration
D.geOsmosis
Answer:geD.geOsmosis
Osmosisgeisgethegepassivegemovementgeofgewatergetowardgeareasgeofgehighergesolutegeconcentration.
,8.geWhichgetypegeofgenecrosisgeisgemostgecommonlygeassociatedgewithgemyocardialgeinfarction?
A.geFatgenecrosis
B.geCaseousgenecrosis
C.geCoagulativegenecrosis
D.geLiquefactivegenecrosis
Answer:geC.geCoagulativegenecrosis
Coagulativegenecrosisgepreservesgetissuegearchitecturegetemporarilygeandgeisgecharacteristicgeofgeischemicgei
njurygeingesolidgeorgans.
9.geThegemajorgeintracellulargecationgeis:
A.geSodium
B.geCalcium
C.gePotassium
D.geChloride
Answer:geC.gePotassium
Potassiumgeisgethegepredominantgeintracellulargecationgeandgeisgeessentialgeforgemaintaininggemembranegep
otential.
10.geWhichgemechanismgecontributesgemostgetogeedemageformationgeingeheartgefailure?
A.geDecreasedgecapillarygepermeability
B.geIncreasedgeplasmageoncoticgepressure
C.geIncreasedgehydrostaticgepressure
D.geIncreasedgelymphaticgedrainage
Answer:geC.geIncreasedgehydrostaticgepressure
Heartgefailuregecausesgevenousgecongestion,geincreasinggehydrostaticgepressuregeandgeforcinggefluidgeintogein
terstitialgetissues.
11.geAgedeficiencygeofgeintrinsicgefactorgeresultsgein:
A.geIron-deficiencygeanemia
B.geAplasticgeanemia
C.gePerniciousgeanemia
D.geHemolyticgeanemia
Answer:geC.gePerniciousgeanemia
, IntrinsicgefactorgeisgerequiredgeforgevitamingeB12geabsorption.geDeficiencygeleadsgetogemegaloblasticgeanemia
.
12.geWhichgewhitegebloodgecellgeisgemostgecloselygeassociatedgewithgeallergicgereactions?
A.geMonocyte
B.geNeutrophil
C.geEosinophil
D.geBasophil
Answer:geC.geEosinophil
Eosinophilsgeincreasegeduringgeallergicgeresponsesgeandgeparasiticgeinfections.
13.geThegeFrank-Starlinggelawgedescribes:
A.geCardiacgeelectricalgeconduction
B.geRelationshipgebetweengepreloadgeandgestrokegevolume
C.geCoronarygeperfusiongepressure
D.gePeripheralgevasculargeresistance
Answer:geB.geRelationshipgebetweengepreloadgeandgestrokegevolume
Increasedgeventriculargefillinggestretchesgemyocardialgefibers,geincreasinggecontractilegeforcegeandgestrokegev
olume.
14.geWhichgehormonegeisgesecretedgebygepancreaticgebetagecells?
A.geGlucagon
B.geCortisol
C.geInsulin
D.geSomatostatin
Answer:geC.geInsulin
Betagecellsgeproducegeinsulin,gewhichgelowersgebloodgeglucosegebygefacilitatinggecellulargeuptake.
15.geThegemostgecommongecausegeofgehypoxemiageis:
A.geHyperventilation
B.geVentilation-perfusiongemismatch
C.gePolycythemia
D.geHyperkalemia
Answer:geB.geVentilation-perfusiongemismatch
ge ge ge ge ge ge ge
GUIDE & PRACTICE QUESTION BANK (2026–
ge ge ge ge ge
2027 EDITION) 200 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & RATI
ge ge ge ge ge ge ge
ONALES FOR GRADUATE NURSING SUCCESS
ge ge ge ge
1.geWhichgecellulargeadaptationgeisgecharacterizedgebygeangeincreasegeingethegesizegeofgeexistinggecells?
A.geHyperplasia
B.geDysplasia
C.geHypertrophy
D.geMetaplasia
Answer:geC.geHypertrophy
Hypertrophygeoccursgewhengecellsgeincreasegeingesize,geresultinggeingeenlargementgeofgethegeaffectedgetissuege
orgeorgan.geCardiacgemusclegeenlargementgeingehypertensiongeisgeagecommongeexample.
2.geApoptosisgeisgebestgedescribedgeas:
A.geCellgeswellinggeduegetogeinjury
B.geProgrammedgecellgedeath
C.geTissuegenecrosisgefromgeischemia
D.geIrreversiblegemitochondrialgedamage
Answer:geB.geProgrammedgecellgedeath
Apoptosisgeisgeageregulatedgeprocessgethatgeeliminatesgedamagedgeorgeunnecessarygecellsgewithoutgeprovoki
nggesignificantgeinflammation.
3.geWhichgeelectrolytegeabnormalitygeisgemostgecommonlygeassociatedgewithgecardiacgedysrhythmias?
A.geHypermagnesemia
B.geHypercalcemia
C.geHypokalemia
D.geHypernatremia
Answer:geC.geHypokalemia
Potassiumgeplaysgeagecriticalgerolegeingecardiacgeconduction.geLowgepotassiumgelevelsgeincreasegethegeriskgeofge
ventriculargearrhythmiasgeandgeECGgechanges.
4.geThegeprimarygefunctiongeofgeneutrophilsgeduringgeacutegeinflammationgeis:
,A.geAntibodygeproduction
B.geHistaminegerelease
C.gePhagocytosis
D.geCollagengesynthesis
Answer:geC.gePhagocytosis
Neutrophilsgearegethegefirstgeleukocytesgetogearrivegeatgesitesgeofgeacutegeinflammationgeandgeengulfgepathog
ensgeandgecellulargedebris.
5.geAgepatientgewithgechronicgerenalgefailuregeisgemostgelikelygetogedevelop:
A.geRespiratorygealkalosis
B.geMetabolicgeacidosis
C.geMetabolicgealkalosis
D.geRespiratorygeacidosis
Answer:geB.geMetabolicgeacidosis
Impairedgekidneygefunctiongereducesgeacidgeexcretiongeandgebicarbonategeregeneration,geleadinggetogemeta
bolicgeacidosis.
6.geWhichgecytokinegeisgeprimarilygeresponsiblegeforgefever?
A.geIL-1
B.geIL-10
C.geIL-4
D.geIL-13
Answer:geA.geIL-1
Interleukin-
1geactsgeongethegehypothalamusgetogeincreasegethegebody'sgetemperaturegesetgepoint,geproducinggefever.
7.geThegemovementgeofgewatergeacrossgeagesemipermeablegemembranegefromgelowgesolutegeconcentrationget
ogehighgesolutegeconcentrationgeisgecalled:
A.geDiffusion
B.geActivegetransport
C.geFiltration
D.geOsmosis
Answer:geD.geOsmosis
Osmosisgeisgethegepassivegemovementgeofgewatergetowardgeareasgeofgehighergesolutegeconcentration.
,8.geWhichgetypegeofgenecrosisgeisgemostgecommonlygeassociatedgewithgemyocardialgeinfarction?
A.geFatgenecrosis
B.geCaseousgenecrosis
C.geCoagulativegenecrosis
D.geLiquefactivegenecrosis
Answer:geC.geCoagulativegenecrosis
Coagulativegenecrosisgepreservesgetissuegearchitecturegetemporarilygeandgeisgecharacteristicgeofgeischemicgei
njurygeingesolidgeorgans.
9.geThegemajorgeintracellulargecationgeis:
A.geSodium
B.geCalcium
C.gePotassium
D.geChloride
Answer:geC.gePotassium
Potassiumgeisgethegepredominantgeintracellulargecationgeandgeisgeessentialgeforgemaintaininggemembranegep
otential.
10.geWhichgemechanismgecontributesgemostgetogeedemageformationgeingeheartgefailure?
A.geDecreasedgecapillarygepermeability
B.geIncreasedgeplasmageoncoticgepressure
C.geIncreasedgehydrostaticgepressure
D.geIncreasedgelymphaticgedrainage
Answer:geC.geIncreasedgehydrostaticgepressure
Heartgefailuregecausesgevenousgecongestion,geincreasinggehydrostaticgepressuregeandgeforcinggefluidgeintogein
terstitialgetissues.
11.geAgedeficiencygeofgeintrinsicgefactorgeresultsgein:
A.geIron-deficiencygeanemia
B.geAplasticgeanemia
C.gePerniciousgeanemia
D.geHemolyticgeanemia
Answer:geC.gePerniciousgeanemia
, IntrinsicgefactorgeisgerequiredgeforgevitamingeB12geabsorption.geDeficiencygeleadsgetogemegaloblasticgeanemia
.
12.geWhichgewhitegebloodgecellgeisgemostgecloselygeassociatedgewithgeallergicgereactions?
A.geMonocyte
B.geNeutrophil
C.geEosinophil
D.geBasophil
Answer:geC.geEosinophil
Eosinophilsgeincreasegeduringgeallergicgeresponsesgeandgeparasiticgeinfections.
13.geThegeFrank-Starlinggelawgedescribes:
A.geCardiacgeelectricalgeconduction
B.geRelationshipgebetweengepreloadgeandgestrokegevolume
C.geCoronarygeperfusiongepressure
D.gePeripheralgevasculargeresistance
Answer:geB.geRelationshipgebetweengepreloadgeandgestrokegevolume
Increasedgeventriculargefillinggestretchesgemyocardialgefibers,geincreasinggecontractilegeforcegeandgestrokegev
olume.
14.geWhichgehormonegeisgesecretedgebygepancreaticgebetagecells?
A.geGlucagon
B.geCortisol
C.geInsulin
D.geSomatostatin
Answer:geC.geInsulin
Betagecellsgeproducegeinsulin,gewhichgelowersgebloodgeglucosegebygefacilitatinggecellulargeuptake.
15.geThegemostgecommongecausegeofgehypoxemiageis:
A.geHyperventilation
B.geVentilation-perfusiongemismatch
C.gePolycythemia
D.geHyperkalemia
Answer:geB.geVentilation-perfusiongemismatch
