NURS 611 EXAM 4 (MARYVILLE) NEWEST 2026 ACTUAL
EXAM TEST BANK| NURS611 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 REVIEW WITH COMPLETE
400 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A+
Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and cause referred
pain to where? ......ANSWER......Umbilicus area
The kidney stones are often jagged, so what ends up happening is that
they get stuck in what? ......ANSWER......The ureters
When that kidney stone gets stuck in the ureter, what does it obstruct?
......ANSWER......Urine flow
The kidneys will react due to obstruction, because they expect their 20-
25% of cardiac output. The kidneys do not know why they are not
getting their normal share of cardiac output but they sense the
decreased perfusion due to the obstruction, so those kidneys activate
what ......ANSWER......The RAAS system
With activation of that RAAS system from the kidneys, there is
angiotensin, which is a powerful peripheral constrictor. So, what
happens within those kidneys themselves is decreased tissue perfusion
pg. 1
,so they activate the RAAS system which contains the angiotensin with
powerful constrictor properties, so it constricts what?
......ANSWER......Arterioles
When angiotensin constricts the arterioles, what happens as a result?
......ANSWER......Hypertension, so basically HTN happens due to urinary
obstruction
Which population do we think mainly about when we think about UTIs?
......ANSWER......The older populaiton
With older adults it may be harder to determine if they have a UTI
because clinically, the main manifestation that is often seen with the
elderly and a UTI is what? ......ANSWER......Confusion, abdominal pain or
discomfort, blood in urine.
What can a UTI lead to very quickly, especially with the older
population? ......ANSWER......sepsis
Infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, kidney
interstitium) is what? ......ANSWER......Pyelonephritis
most common risk factors for pyelonephritis ......ANSWER......Urinary
obstruction, and reflux of urine from the bladder.
pg. 2
,most common culprit of pyelonephritis ......ANSWER......E. coli, proteus,
pseudomonas
Why do we think of E. coli, especially for women with pyelonephritis?
......ANSWER......Because of proximity of the anus to the urinary tract
On urinalysis what would you see with pyelonephritis
......ANSWER......WBC casts, because they are only formed in the renal
tubules
Urine should always go (----) and when there is an obstruction urine
goes (----) ......ANSWER......Forward, backward
When the urine flows backward from an obstruction, where does it flow
back into ......ANSWER......The renal pelvis
What is the renal pelvis? ......ANSWER......is the funnel-like dilated part
of the ureter in the kidney, The renal pelvis functions as a funnel for
urine flowing to the ureter.
When the urine flows backward from an obstruction into the renal
pelvis, what happens? ......ANSWER......it causes inflammation, which is
caused by bacteria
pg. 3
, A condition that includes non bacterial infectious cystitis and
noninfectious cystitis is called what? ......ANSWER......Painful bladder
syndrome or interstitial cystitis
Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis (PBS/IC) mimics
......ANSWER......UTI, but is non bacterial. Patients present with UTI and
are treated with multiple rounds of abx and do not improve is the clue it
is PBS/IC
Which patients do we generally think about when we think about
PBS/IC? ......ANSWER......Diabetics because they are prone to infection,
but when they have gotten what we think is a UTI and we keep giving
antibiotics again and again, and here it is the third time, we need to
think that they probably have PBS (painful bladder syndrome or also
known as interstitial cystitis).
Because it is difficult to differentiate between pyelonephritis and cystitis
by clinical manifestations alone, what diagnostic testing should be
performed? ......ANSWER......Urine culture, urinalysis, and clinical
manifestations
What is a reduced GFR during glomerular disease evidenced by?
......ANSWER......Elevated plasma urea, creatinine concentration, or
reduced renal creatinine clearance
pg. 4
EXAM TEST BANK| NURS611 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 REVIEW WITH COMPLETE
400 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A+
Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and cause referred
pain to where? ......ANSWER......Umbilicus area
The kidney stones are often jagged, so what ends up happening is that
they get stuck in what? ......ANSWER......The ureters
When that kidney stone gets stuck in the ureter, what does it obstruct?
......ANSWER......Urine flow
The kidneys will react due to obstruction, because they expect their 20-
25% of cardiac output. The kidneys do not know why they are not
getting their normal share of cardiac output but they sense the
decreased perfusion due to the obstruction, so those kidneys activate
what ......ANSWER......The RAAS system
With activation of that RAAS system from the kidneys, there is
angiotensin, which is a powerful peripheral constrictor. So, what
happens within those kidneys themselves is decreased tissue perfusion
pg. 1
,so they activate the RAAS system which contains the angiotensin with
powerful constrictor properties, so it constricts what?
......ANSWER......Arterioles
When angiotensin constricts the arterioles, what happens as a result?
......ANSWER......Hypertension, so basically HTN happens due to urinary
obstruction
Which population do we think mainly about when we think about UTIs?
......ANSWER......The older populaiton
With older adults it may be harder to determine if they have a UTI
because clinically, the main manifestation that is often seen with the
elderly and a UTI is what? ......ANSWER......Confusion, abdominal pain or
discomfort, blood in urine.
What can a UTI lead to very quickly, especially with the older
population? ......ANSWER......sepsis
Infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, kidney
interstitium) is what? ......ANSWER......Pyelonephritis
most common risk factors for pyelonephritis ......ANSWER......Urinary
obstruction, and reflux of urine from the bladder.
pg. 2
,most common culprit of pyelonephritis ......ANSWER......E. coli, proteus,
pseudomonas
Why do we think of E. coli, especially for women with pyelonephritis?
......ANSWER......Because of proximity of the anus to the urinary tract
On urinalysis what would you see with pyelonephritis
......ANSWER......WBC casts, because they are only formed in the renal
tubules
Urine should always go (----) and when there is an obstruction urine
goes (----) ......ANSWER......Forward, backward
When the urine flows backward from an obstruction, where does it flow
back into ......ANSWER......The renal pelvis
What is the renal pelvis? ......ANSWER......is the funnel-like dilated part
of the ureter in the kidney, The renal pelvis functions as a funnel for
urine flowing to the ureter.
When the urine flows backward from an obstruction into the renal
pelvis, what happens? ......ANSWER......it causes inflammation, which is
caused by bacteria
pg. 3
, A condition that includes non bacterial infectious cystitis and
noninfectious cystitis is called what? ......ANSWER......Painful bladder
syndrome or interstitial cystitis
Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis (PBS/IC) mimics
......ANSWER......UTI, but is non bacterial. Patients present with UTI and
are treated with multiple rounds of abx and do not improve is the clue it
is PBS/IC
Which patients do we generally think about when we think about
PBS/IC? ......ANSWER......Diabetics because they are prone to infection,
but when they have gotten what we think is a UTI and we keep giving
antibiotics again and again, and here it is the third time, we need to
think that they probably have PBS (painful bladder syndrome or also
known as interstitial cystitis).
Because it is difficult to differentiate between pyelonephritis and cystitis
by clinical manifestations alone, what diagnostic testing should be
performed? ......ANSWER......Urine culture, urinalysis, and clinical
manifestations
What is a reduced GFR during glomerular disease evidenced by?
......ANSWER......Elevated plasma urea, creatinine concentration, or
reduced renal creatinine clearance
pg. 4
